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单词 主義
释义

主義

See also: 主义

Chinese

 
to own; to host; master
to own; to host; master; lord; primary
justice; righteousness; meaning
trad. (主義)主義
simp. (主义)主义

Etymology

"position, stance"
From Records of the Grand Historian:
敢犯顏色以達主義，不顧其身。為國家樹長畫。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
敢犯颜色以达主义，不顾其身。为国家树长画。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
From: The Records of the Grand Historian, by Sima Qian, c. 91 BCE
Gǎn fàn yánsè yǐ dá zhǔyì, bùgù qí shēn. Wèi guójiā shù chánghuà. [Pinyin]
[One] dared to insult the dignified face [of the Sovereign], so one could make [the Sovereign] understand [one's] positions; one did not care for one's own life, but made long-term plans for the state.
"doctrine, ideology"
This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.
Particularly: “Wasei kango (和製漢語), orthographically borrowed from Japanese 主義(しゅぎ) (shugi)?”

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): zhǔyì
    (Zhuyin): ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ
    (Chengdu, SP): zu3 nyi4
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): җўйи (žwyi, II-I)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): zyu2 ji6
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): zi2 ngei5
  • Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chú-ngi
  • Min Dong (BUC): ciō-ngiê
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): chú-gī
    (Teochew, Peng'im): zu2 ngi6
  • Wu (Wiktionary): tsr nyi (T2)
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)
      • Hanyu Pinyin: zhǔyì
      • Zhuyin: ㄓㄨˇ ㄧˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: jhǔyì
      • Wade–Giles: chu3-i4
      • Yale: jǔ-yì
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: juuyih
      • Palladius: чжуи (čžui)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂu²¹⁴⁻²¹¹ i⁵¹/
      • Homophones:
        [Show/Hide]
        edit
        edit
        主意
        主義／主义
        屬意／属意
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: zu3 nyi4
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: zu ni
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡su⁵³ nʲi²¹³/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: җўйи (žwyi, II-I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ʈ͡ʂu⁵¹ i²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: zyu2 ji6
      • Yale: jyú yih
      • Cantonese Pinyin: dzy2 ji6
      • Guangdong Romanization: ju2 yi6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡ʃyː³⁵ jiː²²/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: zi2 ngei5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡si⁵⁵ ᵑɡei³²/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chú-ngi
      • Hakka Romanization System: zu` ngi
      • Hagfa Pinyim: zu3 ngi4
      • Sinological IPA: /t͡su³¹ ɲi⁵⁵/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: ciō-ngiê
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡suo³³⁻⁵⁵ ŋiɛ²⁴²/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chú-gī
      • Tâi-lô: tsú-gī
      • Phofsit Daibuun: zw'gi
      • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²²/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡su⁵⁵⁴⁻²⁴ ɡi⁴¹/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi²²/
      • IPA (Taipei): /t͡su⁵³⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡su⁴¹⁻⁴⁴ ɡi³³/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: zu2 ngi6
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tsú ngĭ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡su⁵²⁻³⁵ ŋi³⁵/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: tsr nyi (T2)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /t͡sz̩³³ n̠ʲi⁴⁴/
  • Middle Chinese: /t͡ɕɨoX  ŋˠiᴇH/
Rime
Character主義
Reading #1/11/1
Initial (聲)章 (23)疑 (31)
Final (韻)虞 (24)支 (13)
Tone (調)Rising (X)Departing (H)
Openness (開合)ClosedOpen
Division (等)IIIIII
Fanqie之庾切宜寄切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/t͡ɕɨoX//ŋˠiᴇH/
Pan
Wuyun		/t͡ɕioX//ŋᵚiɛH/
Shao
Rongfen		/t͡ɕioX//ŋiɛH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/cuə̆X//ŋjiə̆H/
Li
Rong		/t͡ɕioX//ŋjeH/
Wang
Li		/t͡ɕĭuX//ŋǐeH/
Bernard
Karlgren		/t͡ɕi̯uX//ŋie̯H/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		zhǔyì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		zyu2ji6
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*toʔ  ŋ(r)aj-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*tjoʔ  ŋrals/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character主義
Reading #1/11/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		zhǔyì
Middle
Chinese		‹ tsyuX ›‹ ngjeH ›
Old
Chinese		/*toʔ//*ŋ(r)aj-s/
Englishmaster; hostduty; justice

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character主義
Reading #1/11/1
No.1761813045
Phonetic
component		主我
Rime
group		侯歌
Rime
subdivision		01
Corresponding
MC rime		主議
Old
Chinese		/*tjoʔ//*ŋrals/

Noun

主義

  1. (chiefly as a suffix) doctrine; ideology; -ism
    社會主義／社会主义  ―  shèhuì zhǔyì  ―  socialism
    • 砍頭不要緊，只要主義真。殺了夏明翰，還有後來人。 [MSC, trad.]
      砍头不要紧，只要主义真。杀了夏明翰，还有后来人。 [MSC, simp.]
      From: 1928, Xia Minghan's last poem
      Kǎntóu bù yàojǐn, zhǐyào zhǔyì zhēn. Shā le Xià Mínghàn, háiyǒu hòulái rén. [Pinyin]
      Beheading does not matter; so long as I stay true to my principle / ideology. Already killed Xia Minghan shall be; others will later come still.
    • 你不是很討厭我信仰的主義嗎？為什麼你又要愛我？ [MSC, trad.]
      你不是很讨厌我信仰的主义吗？为什么你又要爱我？ [MSC, simp.]
      From: 1930, Ding Ling, 《韋護》
      Nǐ bùshì hěn tǎoyàn wǒ xìnyǎng de zhǔyì ma? Wèishénme nǐ yòu yào ài wǒ? [Pinyin]
      Don't you hate the ideology I believe in? Why do you still love me?
  2. (literary) position; stance
    • 其信從者，下自士大夫，上亦至將相而止，主義為逐滿。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, trad.]
      其信从者，下自士大夫，上亦至将相而止，主义为逐满。 [Written Vernacular Chinese, simp.]
      From: 1907 CE, Liu E, The Travels of Lao Can
      Qí xìncóng zhě, xià zì shìdàfū, shàng yì zhì jiāngxiàng ér zhǐ, zhǔyì wèi zhú Mǎn. [Pinyin]
      (please add an English translation of this example)

Usage notes

Hans van Ess translates 主義／主义 (zhǔyì) in Shiji as "the right conduct of a ruler".[1]

Synonyms

  • (doctrine):
edit
  • 思想 (sīxiǎng)
  • 思想意識／思想意识 (sīxiǎng yìshí)
  • 思想體系／思想体系 (sīxiǎng tǐxì)
  • 意識形態／意识形态 (yìshí xíngtài)
  • 觀念／观念 (guānniàn)

Derived terms

Derived terms from 主義

See also

  • 理論／理论 (lǐlùn)
  • 思想 (sīxiǎng)

Verb

主義

  1. (Classical Chinese) to uphold righteousness
    • 主義行德曰元。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
      主义行德曰元。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
      From: Lost Book of Zhou, circa 4th – 1st centuries BCE
      Zhǔyì xíngdé yuē yuán. [Pinyin]
      (When the deceased) upheld righteousness and behaved virtuously, call (the deceased) Yuan (prime "元").

References

  1. Van Ess, Hans (transl.) "Sequence of his Honor, the Grand Scribe’s Own [History], Memoir 70"; in Sima Qian (author) & Nienhauser, W. H. Jr. (ed.), (2019) The Grand Scribe's Records - Volume XI: The Memoirs of Han China, Part IV. Publisher: Indiana University Press.

Japanese

Kanji in this term
主義
しゅ
Grade: 3		ぎ
Grade: 5
on’yomi

Etymology

From Literary Chinese 主義, attested in the Records of the Grand Historian[1]

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Kan’on
    • (Tokyo) しゅ​ぎ [shúꜜgì] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
    • IPA(key): [ɕɨᵝɡʲi]

Noun

主(しゅ)義(ぎ) • (shugi) 

  1. a principle or set of principles; a doctrine; an ism
    あの人(ひと)は主(しゅ)義(ぎ)に基(もと)づいて契(けい)約(やく)を拒(きょ)絶(ぜつ)するはずです。
    Ano hito wa shugi ni motozuite keiyaku o kyozetsu suru hazu desu.
    I expect they will reject the contract on principle.

Suffix

主(しゅ)義(ぎ) • (-shugi) 

  1. -ism

Derived terms

  • 愛(あい)国(こく)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (aikoku shugi, “patriotism”)
  • 共(きょう)産(さん)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (kyōsan shugi, “communism”)
  • 社(しゃ)会(かい)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (shakai shugi, “socialism”)
  • 帝(てい)国(こく)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (teikoku shugi, “imperialism”)
  • 伝(でん)統(とう)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (dentō shugi)
  • 超(ちょう)現(げん)実(じつ)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (chōgenjitsu shugi, “surrealism”)
  • 民(みん)族(ぞく)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (minzoku shugi, “nationalism”)
  • 国(こく)際(さい)主(しゅ)義(ぎ) (kokusaishugi, “internationalism”)

Descendants

  • → Chinese: 主義[1]
  • → Korean: 주의 (juui)
  • → Vietnamese: chủ nghĩa

References

  1. 汉语外来词词典 [Chinese Loanword Dictionary] (in Chinese), 1984, page 408
  2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  • 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
  • 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja in this term
主義

Noun

主義 • (juui) (hangeul 주의)

  1. Hanja form? of 주의 (“-ism”).

Vietnamese

Hán tự in this term
主義

Noun

主義

  1. chữ Hán form of chủ nghĩa (“-ism; doctrine”).
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