请输入您要查询的单词：

　

单词 不
释义

不

See also: 𣎴 and 𤓯
不 U+4E0D, 不
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0D
← 丌
[U+4E0C]		CJK Unified Ideographs与 →
[U+4E0E]
不 U+F967, 不
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F967
← 復
[U+F966]		CJK Compatibility Ideographs泌 →
[U+F968]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

不 (Kangxi radical 1, 一+3, 4 strokes, cangjie input 一火 (MF), four-corner 10900, composition ⿸丆⿰丨丶(GHJKT) or ⿻丆卜(V))

Usage notes

This character is not to be confused with visually similar but unrelated 𣎴 (U+233B4) or 𤓯 (U+244EF).

Derived characters

  • 伓, 吥, 坏, 妚, 怀, 抔, 㳅, 还, 阫, 肧, 杯, 炋, 环, 𭾟, 𥐴, 紑, 𦤹, 𧉈, 衃, 䞜, 鈈(钚), 䬪, 𡮗, 鴀(𫛜), 㞸, 芣, 罘, 𮅁, 䯱, 丕, 㔻, 否, 奀, 㫘, 㶪, 𠀱, 㶨, 𠀰, 甭, 盃, 歪, 𧖯, 𧗩, 𠀾, 孬, 覔, 𠁆, 䬩, 嫑, 𧶏, 𠁙, 𠁞, 囨

Descendants

  • ふ (Hiragana character derived from Man'yōgana)
  • フ (Katakana character derived from Man'yōgana)

References

  • KangXi: page 76, character 15
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 19
  • Dae Jaweon: page 149, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 11, character 6
  • Unihan data for U+4E0D
  • Unihan data for U+F967

Chinese

simp. and trad.
不
alternative forms㐬
𠀚
𠙐

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 不
ShangWestern ZhouWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts
Oracle bone script

j25391

j25392

j25393

j25394

j25395

j25396

j25397

j25398

j25399

j25400

j25401

j25402

j25403

j25404

j25405

j25406

j25407

j25408

j25409

j25410

j25411

j25412

j25413

j25414

j25415

j25416

j25417

j25418

j25419

j25420

j25421

j25422

j25423

j25424

j25425

j25426

j25427

j25428

j25429

j25430

j25431

j25432

j25433

j25434

j25435

j25436

j25437

j25438

j25439

j25440

j25441

j25442

j25443

j25444

j25445

j25446

j25447

j25448

j25449

j25450

j25451

j25452

j25453

j25454

j25455

j25456

j25457

j25458

j25459

j25460

j25461

j25462

j25463

j25464

j25465

j25466

j25467

j25468

j25469

j25470

j25471

j25472

j25473

j25474

j25475

j25476

j25477

j25478

j25479

j25480

j25481

j25482

j25483

j25484

j25485

j25486

j25487

j25488

j25489

j25490

j25491

j25492

j25493

j25494

j25495

j25496

j25497

j25498

j25499

j25500

j25501

j25502

j25503

j25504

j25505

j25506

j25507

j25508

j25509

j25510

j25511

j25512

j25513

j25514

j25515

j25516

j25517

j25518

j25519

j25520

j25521

j25522

j25523

j25524

j25525

j25526

j25527

j25528

j25529

j25530

j25531

j25532

j25533

j25534

j25535

j25536

j25537

j25538

j25539

j25540

j25541

j25542

j25543

j25544

j25545

j25546

j25547

j25548

j25549

j25550

j25551

j25552

j25553

j25554

j25555

j25556

j25557

j25558

j25559

j25560

j25561

j25562

j25563

j25564

j25565

j25566

j25567

j25568

j25569

j25570

j25571

j25572

j25573

j25574

j25575

j25576

j25577

j25578

j25579

j25580

j25581

j25582

j25583

j25584

j25585

j25586

j25587

j25588

j25589

j25590

j25591

j25592

j25593

j25594

j25595

j25596

j25597

j25598

j25599

j25600

j25601

j25602

j25603

j25604

j25605

j25606

j25607

j25608

j25609

j25610

j25611

j25612

j25613

j25614

j25615

j25616

j25617

j25618

j25619

j25620

j25621

j25622

j25623

j25624

j25625

j25626

j25627

j25628

j25629

j25630

Bronze inscriptions

b16048

b16049

b16050

b16051

b16052

b16053

b16054

b16055

b16056

b16057

b16058

b16059

b16060

b16061

b16062

b16063

b16064

b16065

b16066

b16067

b16068

b16069

b16070

b16071

b16072

b16073

b16074

b16075

b16076

b16077

b16078

b16079

b16080

b16081

b16082

b16083

b16084

b16085

b16086

b16087

b16088

b16089

b16090

b16091

b16092

b16093

b16094

b16095

b16096

b16097

b16098

b16099

b16100

b16101

Small seal script

s08670

Transcribed ancient scripts

L35401

L35402

L35403

L35404

L35405

L35406

L35407

L18305

L18307

L18308

L18309

L18310

L18311

L18312

L18313

L18314

L18315

L18316

L18317

L18318

L18319

L18320

L18321

L18322

L18323

L18324

L18325

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (不) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
肧*pʰlɯː, *pʰɯ, *pʰlɯː
俖*pʰɯːʔ
娝*prɯʔ
痞*prɯʔ, *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ
丕*pʰrɯ
伾*pʰrɯ
秠*pʰrɯ, *pʰrɯʔ, *pʰɯ, *pʰɯʔ
駓*pʰrɯ
怌*pʰrɯ
豾*pʰrɯ
髬*pʰrɯ
魾*pʰrɯ, *brɯ
鉟*pʰrɯ, *brɯ
嚭*pʰrɯʔ
邳*brɯ
岯*brɯ
否*brɯʔ, *pɯʔ
抔*bɯ, *pʰlɯː
不*pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ'
紑*pɯ, *pʰɯ, *pʰɯʔ
鴀*pɯ, *pɯʔ
衃*pʰɯ, *pʰlɯː
罘*bɯ
芣*bɯ
杯*plɯː
盃*plɯː
桮*pɯː
坯*pʰɯː
胚*pʰɯː

Pictogram (象形) : the calyx of a flower. 不 was then composed into a phono-semantic character with the pictograph for mouth (口), to form 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ), representing “no” (negation). This composed meaning then spread back to the original character 不, making it a synonym of 否. A new character of 柎 (OC *po) was eventually created to represent the original meaning of calyx.

Following Shuowen’s interpretation, Karlgren and Wieger interpret it as a bird flying toward the sky (一). The sky being the limit for the bird, thus the idea of negation.

Etymology 1

Old Chinese had two sets of negatives: the initial *p-series and the initial *m-series. 不 is the prototype of the *p-series of negatives. Although it is the usual Literary Chinese negative attested from the oracle bone script down, its current usage is now confined to Mandarin dialects. In the oracle bone inscriptions, a total of five negative particles can be found: 不, 弗, 毋, 勿 and 非. With the exception of 非 (discussed later), the remaining can be neatly organised into the following system:

*-V*-ɯd
*p-type negatives (< ?)不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ')弗 (OC *pɯd)
*m-type negatives (< Proto-Sino-Tibetan *ma)毋 (OC *ma)
(無 (OC *ma))		勿 (OC *mɯd)

Takahashi (1996) argued that the *m-type negatives are modal (i.e. negative verbs which are thought of as controllable by the Shang), whereas the *p-type negatives are non-modal (imply uncontrollability; actions which are beyond the control of living persons).

In the *p-series, 不 usually goes with intransitive verbs in the oracle bone script, and 弗 (OC *pɯd) with transitive ones, although there are some glaring exceptions. Little or no pattern can be discerned in the *m-type category. Takahashi (1996) also proposed that the difference between the two vowel series was whether they preceded “stative, eventive, passive” (*-V series) or “non-stative, non-eventive, active” (*-ɯd series) verbs.

It is possible that the two parallel series of negatives in Old Chinese represent a fusion of the common Sino–Tibetan *ma (“no, not”) (carried by the eastward-migrating early Sino–Tibetans) and an indigenous negation system in Central China, and that the merger had been complete by the Shang times. Compare a similar system in Proto-Tai: *ɓawᴮ (“not [strong form 1]”), *boːᴮ (“not [strong form 2]”), *miːᴬ (“not [weak form]”); Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”).

The development from Old Chinese to Middle Chinese was not regular. The character 不 replaced 弗 (OC *pɯd, MC *piut), to respect the naming taboo for Emperor Zhao of Han, although the pronunciation has remained in nearly all topolects (e.g. Beijing Mandarin bù, Guangzhou Cantonese bat1, Meixian Hakka bud5, Shanghai Wu peq). The Modern Standard Mandarin pronunciation is also from this checked coda word, but this word escaped from regular sound changes during its evolution to the modern pronunciation bù. The expected reading is fu (tone undetermined), with labiodentalisation. The rising-tone pronunciation had a Middle Chinese homophone 否 (“not”), which is now primarily used in compounds, and demonstrates the regular development into modern f-. Another example of a high-frequency word escaping this sound change is 父 (OC *paʔ, *baʔ, “dad”), which resulted in the late coinage of the character 爸 (bà).

不 is cognate with other negation particles in the *p-type category:

  • 弗 (OC *pɯd, “not”);
  • 非 (OC *pɯj, “not be; not”) – can be safely regarded as a fusion of 不 (OC *pɯ, *pɯʔ, *pɯ', “not”) and 惟 (OC *ɢʷi, “to be”);
  • 否 (OC *brɯʔ, *pɯʔ, “not; to be wrong”);
  • 匪 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”); and
  • 棐 (OC *pɯjʔ, “it is not; to be not”).

Cognate with Thai บ่ (bɔ̀ɔ, “(literary, archaic, dialectal) not”) (Schuessler, 2007).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): bù (bu4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄅㄨˋ
    (Chengdu, SP): bu2
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): бу (bu, I)
  • Cantonese
    (Guangzhou, Jyutping): bat1
    (Taishan, Wiktionary): but2
  • Gan (Wiktionary): biit6
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): put
    (Meixian, Guangdong): bud5
  • Jin (Wiktionary): beh4
  • Min Bei (KCR): bŭ
  • Min Dong (BUC): bók
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): put
    (Teochew, Peng'im): bug4
  • Wu (Wiktionary): peq (T4)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): bu6
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: bù
      • Zhuyin: ㄅㄨˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: bù
      • Wade–Giles: pu4
      • Yale: bù
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bu
      • Palladius: бу (bu)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pu⁵¹/
Note: Pronunciation changes to bú when followed by fourth-tone syllables (e.g. 不是).
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: bu2
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: bu
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pu²¹/
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: бу (bu, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pou²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: bat1
      • Yale: bāt
      • Cantonese Pinyin: bat7
      • Guangdong Romanization: bed1
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pɐt̚⁵/
    • (Taishanese, Taicheng)
      • Wiktionary: but2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /put̚⁵⁵/
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: biit6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pɨt̚⁵/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: put
      • Hakka Romanization System: bud`
      • Hagfa Pinyim: bud5
      • Sinological IPA: /put̚²/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: bud5
      • Sinological IPA: /put̚¹/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: beh4
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /pəʔ²/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: bŭ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pu²⁴/
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: bók
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pouʔ²⁴/
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: put
      • Tâi-lô: put
      • Phofsit Daibuun: pud
      • IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /put̚⁵/
      • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /put̚³²/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: bug4
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: puk
      • Sinological IPA (key): /puk̚²/
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: peq (T4)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pəʔ⁵⁵/
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: bu6
      • Sinological IPA (key): /pu²⁴/
  • Middle Chinese: /pɨu/, /pɨuX/, /pɨut̚/
Rime
Character不不不
Reading #1/32/33/3
Initial (聲)幫 (1)幫 (1)幫 (1)
Final (韻)尤 (136)尤 (136)文 (60)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)Rising (X)Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)OpenOpenClosed
Division (等)IIIIIIIII
Fanqie甫鳩切方久切分勿切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/pɨu//pɨuX//pɨut̚/
Pan
Wuyun		/piu//piuX//piut̚/
Shao
Rongfen		/piəu//piəuX//piuət̚/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/puw//puwX//put̚/
Li
Rong		/piu//piuX//piuət̚/
Wang
Li		/pĭəu//pĭəuX//pĭuət̚/
Bernard
Karlgren		/pi̯ə̯u//pi̯ə̯uX//pi̯uət̚/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		fōufǒufu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		fau1fau2fat1
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pə/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pɯ/, /*pɯʔ/, /*pɯ'/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character不
Reading #1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		bù
Middle
Chinese		‹ pjuw ›
Old
Chinese		/*pə/
Englishnot

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character不不不
Reading #1/32/33/3
No.102510291048
Phonetic
component		不不不
Rime
group		之之物
Rime
subdivision		001
Corresponding
MC rime		不缶弗
Old
Chinese		/*pɯ//*pɯʔ//*pɯ'/
Notes象花柎與本同源中古才促化

Definitions

不

  1. (preceding verbs and adjectives) not
    這個不好。／这个不好。  ―  Zhège bù hǎo.  ―  This is not good.
    他不愛你。／他不爱你。  ―  Tā bù ài nǐ.  ―  He does not love you.
  2. (between a verb and a complement) can not
    Antonym: 得 (dé)
    我看不見你。／我看不见你。  ―  Wǒ kàn bù jiàn nǐ.  ―  I can't see you.
  3. no (answer to a yes-no question)
    你是日本人嗎？不，我不是。 [MSC, trad.]
    你是日本人吗？不，我不是。 [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ shì rìběnrén ma? Bù, wǒ bùshì. [Pinyin]
    Are you Japanese? No, I'm not.
  4. Used with 就 (jiù) to indicate the first of two alternatives.
    他每天不是上班，就是去做義工，一點兒休息的時間都沒有。 [MSC, trad.]
    他每天不是上班，就是去做义工，一点儿休息的时间都没有。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā měitiān bùshì shàngbān, jiùshì qù zuò yìgōng, yīdiǎnr xiūxī de shíjiān dōu méiyǒu. [Pinyin]
    Every day, he either goes to work or volunteers, not leaving any time for rest.
  5. (colloquial) Question particle placed at the end of the sentence.
  6. (colloquial) Intensifying particle often used with 好 (hǎo).
  7. † Meaningless particle used in poems and other texts.
Synonyms
  • (not):
Dialectal synonyms of 不 (“not”) [map]
Variety Location Words
edit
Classical Chinese不, 弗, 毋, 勿, 莫, 否, 未
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)不
MandarinBeijing不
Taiwan不
Tianjin不
Chengde不
Tangshan不
Cangzhou不
Baoding不
Shijiazhuang不
Chifeng不
Hulunbuir (Hailar)不
Heihe不
Qiqihar不
Harbin不
Jiamusi不
Baicheng不
Changchun不
Tonghua不
Shenyang不
Dandong不
Jinzhou不
Dalian不
Yantai不
Yantai (Muping)不
Qingdao不
Lijin不
Zhucheng不
Jinan不
Luoyang不
Wanrong不
Shangqiu不
Yuanyang不
Zhengzhou不
Lingbao不
Xinyang不
Baihe不
Xi'an不
Baoji不
Yinchuan不
Tianshui不
Lanzhou不
Dunhuang不
Xining不
Hami不
Ürümqi不
Wuhan不
Yichang不
Xiangyang不
Tianmen不
Hong'an不
Chengdu不
Nanchong不
Dazhou不
Hanyuan不
Xichang不
Zigong不
Chongqing不
Guiyang不
Zunyi不
Bijie不
Zhaotong不
Dali不
Kunming不
Mengzi不
Guilin不
Liuzhou沒, 不
Changde不
Anqing不
Xuzhou不
Fuyang不
Wuhu不
Yangzhou不
Lianyungang不
Lianshui不
Nanjing不
Hefei不
Nantong不
Malaysia不
Singapore不
CantoneseGuangzhou唔
Hong Kong唔
Macau唔
Taishan唔
Dongguan唔
Yangjiang無
Hepu (Lianzhou)冇
Hepu (Shatian)冇
Beihai冇
Beihai (Nankang)冇
Beihai (Yingpan)冇
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)冇
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)冇
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)冇
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)唔
Singapore (Guangfu)唔
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu)唔
Móng Cái冇
GanNanchang不
Lichuan不
Pingxiang毋
Jianning唔
HakkaMeixian唔
Xingning唔
Huidong (Daling)唔
Shaoguan (Qujiang)唔
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang)唔
Changting唔
Shanghang唔
Wuping唔
Wuping (Pingyu)唔
Liancheng唔
Ninghua唔, 不
Qingliu唔
Yudu唔
Ruijin唔
Shicheng唔
Shangyou (Shexi)唔
Miaoli (N. Sixian)毋
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)毋
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)毋
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)毋
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)毋
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)毋
HuizhouJixi不
Shexian不
JinTaiyuan不
Yangyuan不
Datong不
Xinzhou不
Lishi不
Linfen不
Changzhi不
Linhe不
Jining不
Hohhot不
Erenhot不
Pingshan不
Zhangjiakou不
Handan不
Linzhou不
Suide不
Min BeiJian'ou伓, 𣍐
Songxi唔, 𣍐
Zhenghe唔, 𣍐
Pucheng (Shibei)伓, 𣍐
Min DongFuzhou伓, 𣍐
Changle伓, 𣍐
Lianjiang伓, 𣍐
Fuqing伓, 𣍐
Pingtan伓, 𣍐
Yongtai伓, 𣍐
Minqing伓, 𣍐
Gutian伓, 𣍐
Pingnan伓, 𣍐
Luoyuan伓, 𣍐
Fu'an伓, 𣍐
Ningde伓, 𣍐
Xiapu伓, 𣍐
Zherong伓, 𣍐
Shouning伓, 𣍐
Zhouning伓, 𣍐
Fuding伓, 𣍐
Matsu伓, 𣍐
Min NanXiamen毋, 𣍐, 無
Xiamen (Tong'an)毋, 𣍐, 無
Quanzhou毋, 𣍐, 無
Jinjiang毋, 𣍐, 無
Nan'an毋, 𣍐, 無
Shishi毋, 𣍐, 無
Hui'an毋, 𣍐, 無
Anxi毋, 𣍐, 無
Yongchun毋, 𣍐, 無
Dehua毋, 𣍐, 無
Zhangzhou毋, 𣍐, 無
Zhangzhou (Longhai)毋, 𣍐, 無
Zhangzhou (Changtai)毋, 𣍐, 無
Hua'an毋, 𣍐, 無
Nanjing毋, 𣍐, 無
Pinghe毋, 𣍐, 無
Zhangpu毋, 𣍐, 無
Yunxiao毋, 𣍐, 無
Zhao'an毋, 𣍐, 無
Dongshan毋, 𣍐, 無
Taipei毋, 𣍐, 無
Kaohsiung毋, 𣍐, 無
Tainan毋, 𣍐, 無
Kinmen毋, 𣍐, 無
Penang (Hokkien)毋, 𣍐, 無
Singapore (Hokkien)毋, 𣍐, 無
Manila (Hokkien)毋, 𣍐, 無
Datian毋, 𣍐
Chaozhou唔, 𣍐, 無
Shantou唔, 𣍐, 無
Jieyang唔
Haifeng唔
Singapore (Teochew)唔, 𣍐, 無
Pontianak (Teochew)唔
Leizhou伓
Wenchang無
Haikou無
Singapore (Hainanese)無
Puxian MinPutian伓, 𣍐
Xianyou伓, 𣍐
Min ZhongYong'an伓, 𣍐
Shaxian伓, 𣍐
Shaojiang MinShaowu冒, 唔
Guangze唔
Jiangle唔
Mingxi唔
Southern PinghuaNanning (Tingzi)冇
WuShanghai勿
Shanghai (Chongming)弗, 勿
Suzhou弗
Danyang弗
Hangzhou不
Ningbo勿, 嘸沒 rare
Wenzhou不
Jinhua弗
XiangChangsha不
Loudi不
Shuangfeng不
Usage notes
  • The tone changes from fourth to second tone when followed by a fourth-tone syllable.
  • Sense "not":
    • The past-perfect form of 不 is 沒／没 (méi) or 未 (wèi), not *不了
      我不當兵。／我不当兵。  ―  Wǒ bù dāngbīng.  ―  I am not becoming a soldier.
      我沒當兵。／我没当兵。  ―  Wǒ méi dāngbīng.  ―  I did not become a soldier.
      我未當兵。／我未当兵。  ―  Wǒ wèi dāngbīng.  ―  I have not yet become a soldier.
      我不當兵了。／我不当兵了。  ―  Wǒ bù dāngbīng le.  ―  I am no longer a soldier.
      Note that the 4th sentence does not mean "I have not become a soldier". Syntactically, 不 is a verb prefix that forms a stative verb with the verb to be negated. Therefore it can not be modified by the perfective aspect marker 了 (le), which modifies only dynamic verbs. When 了 appears in a 不 sentence, it usually functions as a marker of "currently relevant state" instead.
    • 不 can not be used before the verb 有 (yǒu, “to have”). Use 沒／没 (méi) instead.
      Incorrect:
      *我不有手機。
      Correct:
      我沒有手機。／我没有手机。  ―  Wǒ méiyǒu shǒujī.  ―  I do not have a mobile phone.
    • 不 can not be used before compounds beginning with 有, or another 不. Depending on the context, other negative particles must be used instead which formally contain a predicate or auxiliary, e.g., 不是 (bùshì), 並非／并非 (bìngfēi), imperfective 沒有／没有 (méiyǒu), epistemic 不會／不会 (bùhuì).
      Incorrect:
      *這個問題不不值一提。
      Correct:
      這個問題不是不值一提。 [MSC, trad.]
      这个问题不是不值一提。 [MSC, simp.]
      Zhè ge wèntí bùshì bùzhí yī tí. [Pinyin]
      This problem is not unworth mentioning.
    • The verb can be elided, as in the following:
      爲什麼不呢？／为什么不呢？  ―  Wèishénme bù ne?  ―  Why not?
      • An equivalent construction is not valid in Cantonese.
  • Sense "can not":
    • "not" and "can not" are distinguished only by word order.
      他不打開門。／他不打开门。  ―  Tā bù dǎkāi mén.  ―  He does not open the door.
      他打不開門。／他打不开门。  ―  Tā dǎ bù kāi mén.  ―  He can not open the door.
    • Since 不 must be placed before a complement, if there is no complement in the sentence, a placeholder 了 (liǎo) can be used for this purpose.
      我動不了。／我动不了。  ―  Wǒ dòng bù liǎo.  ―  I can not move.
  • Sense "no": Although 不 can be used like English no to answer a yes/no question, it is more natural to answer it by changing the question to a negative statement.
    你認識他嗎？不。／你认识他吗？不。  ―  Nǐ rènshí tā ma? Bù.  ―  Do you know him? No.
    你認識他嗎？(我)不認識。 [MSC, trad.]
    你认识他吗？(我)不认识。 [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ rènshí tā ma? (wǒ) bù rènshí. [Pinyin]
    Do you know him? No.
  • When read in Northern Wu languages, such as Shanghainese or Suzhounese, the syllable is pronounced the same as 勿, despite the existing expected pronunciation

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fǒu (fou3)
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄡˇ
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): fau2
  • Min Nan (Teochew, Peng'im): houn2
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: fǒu
      • Zhuyin: ㄈㄡˇ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: fǒu
      • Wade–Giles: fou3
      • Yale: fǒu
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bu
      • Palladius: фоу (fou)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /foʊ̯²¹⁴/
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: fau2
      • Yale: fáu
      • Cantonese Pinyin: fau2
      • Guangdong Romanization: feo2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /fɐu̯³⁵/
  • Min Nan
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: houn2
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hóuⁿ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /hõũ⁵²/
  • Middle Chinese: /pɨuX/
Rime
Character不
Reading #2/3
Initial (聲)幫 (1)
Final (韻)尤 (136)
Tone (調)Rising (X)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie方久切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/pɨuX/
Pan
Wuyun		/piuX/
Shao
Rongfen		/piəuX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/puwX/
Li
Rong		/piuX/
Wang
Li		/pĭəuX/
Bernard
Karlgren		/pi̯ə̯uX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		fǒu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		fau2

Definitions

不

  1. † Alternative form of 否 (fǒu, “negation and question particle”).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fōu (fou1)
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄡ
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: fōu
      • Zhuyin: ㄈㄡ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: fou
      • Wade–Giles: fou1
      • Yale: fōu
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bu
      • Palladius: фоу (fou)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /foʊ̯⁵⁵/
  • Middle Chinese: /pɨu/
Rime
Character不
Reading #1/3
Initial (聲)幫 (1)
Final (韻)尤 (136)
Tone (調)Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)Open
Division (等)III
Fanqie甫鳩切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		/pɨu/
Pan
Wuyun		/piu/
Shao
Rongfen		/piəu/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		/puw/
Li
Rong		/piu/
Wang
Li		/pĭəu/
Bernard
Karlgren		/pi̯ə̯u/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		fōu
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		fau1
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*pə/
    (Zhengzhang): /*pɯ/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character不
Reading #1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		bù
Middle
Chinese		‹ pjuw ›
Old
Chinese		/*pə/
Englishnot

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character不
Reading #1/3
No.1025
Phonetic
component		不
Rime
group		之
Rime
subdivision		0
Corresponding
MC rime		不
Old
Chinese		/*pɯ/

Definitions

不

  1. a surname

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Pinyin): fū (fu1)
    (Zhuyin): ㄈㄨ
  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: fū
      • Zhuyin: ㄈㄨ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: fu
      • Wade–Giles: fu1
      • Yale: fū
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bu
      • Palladius: фу (fu)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /fu⁵⁵/

Definitions

不

  1. Original form of 柎 (fū, “calyx”).

Pronunciation

  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): m̄
    (Teochew, Peng'im): m6 / m7
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: m̄
      • Tâi-lô: m̄
      • Phofsit Daibuun: m
      • IPA (Xiamen): /m̩²²/
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /m̩⁴¹/
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /m̩²²/
      • IPA (Taipei): /m̩³³/
      • IPA (Kaohsiung): /m̩³³/
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: m6 / m7
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: m̆ / m̄
      • Sinological IPA (key): /m³⁵/, /m¹¹/

Definitions

不

  1. (Min Nan) Alternative form of 毋.

Compounds

Derived terms from 不

References

  • “不”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

不

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. not, non-, un-

Readings

  • Go-on: ふ (fu, Jōyō); ほち (hochi)
  • Kan-on: ふう (fū); ふつ (futsu)
  • Kan’yō-on: ぶ (bu, Jōyō)
  • Kun: ず (zu, 不); せず (sezu); にあらず (niarazu); いなや (inaya)

Compounds

Compounds
  • 不(ふ)安(あん) (fuan)
  • 不(ふ)一(いつ) (fuitsu), 不(ふ)乙(いつ) (fuitsu)
  • 不(ふ)運(うん) (fuun)
  • 不(ふ)壊(え) (fue, “indestructibility”)
  • 不(ふ)易(えき) (fueki)
  • 不(ふ)可(か) (fuka)
  • 不(ふ)可(か)解(かい) (fukakai, “incomprehensible”)
  • 不(ふ)快(かい) (fukai)
  • 不(ふ)許(きょ) (fukyo, “impermissible”)
  • 不(ふ)具(ぐ) (fugu, “disability”)
  • 不(ふ)倶(ぐ)戴(たい)天(てん) (fugutaiten)
  • 不(ふ)言(げん)実(じっ)行(こう) (fugenjikkō)
  • 不(ふ)孝(こう) (fukō)
  • 不(ふ)幸(こう) (fukō)
  • 不(ふ)治(じ) (fuji)
  • 不(ふ)死(じ)身(み) (fujimi, “invulnerable”)
  • 不(ふ)悉(しつ) (fushitsu)
  • 不(ふ)肖(しょう) (fushō)
  • 不(ふ)祥(しょう) (fushō)
  • 不(ふ)詳(しょう) (fushō)
  • 不(ふ)祥(しょう)事(じ) (fushōji)
  • 不(ふ)浄(じょう) (fujō, “unclean”)
  • 不(ふ)定(じょう) (fujō)
  • 不(ぶ)精(しょう) (bushō)
  • 不(ふ)尽(じん) (fujin)
  • 不(ふ)宣(せん) (fusen)
  • 不(ふ)戦(せん) (fusen)
  • 不(ふ)全(ぜん) (fuzen)
  • 不(ふ)善(ぜん) (fuzen)
  • 不(ふ)測(そく) (fusoku)
  • 不(ふ)足(そく) (fusoku)
  • 不(ふ)貞(てい) (futei)
  • 不(ふ)逞(てい) (futei)
  • 不(ふ)敵(てき) (futeki)
  • 不(ふ)当(とう) (futō)
  • 不(ふ)凍(とう)液(えき) (futōeki, “antifreeze”)
  • 不(ふ)備(び) (fubi)
  • 不(ふ)敏(びん) (fubin)
  • 不(ふ)憫(びん) (fubin), 不(ふ)愍(びん) (fubin), 不(ふ)便(びん) (fubin)
  • 不(ふ)服(ふく) (fufuku)
  • 不(ふ)文(ぶん)律(りつ) (fubunritsu)
  • 不(ふ)平(へい) (fuhei)
  • 不(ふ)変(へん) (fuhen)
  • 不(ふ)満(まん) (fuman)
  • 不(ふ)毛(もう) (fumō)
  • 不(ふ)問(もん) (fumon)
  • 不(ふ)埒(らち) (furachi)
  • 不(ふ)慮(りょ) (furyo, “unforeseen, unexpected”)
  • 不(ふ)倫(りん) (furin)
  • 不(ふ)老(ろう) (furō, “unaging, eternal youth”)
  • 不(ふ)惑(わく) (fuwaku)
  • 不(ふつ)束(つか) (futsutsuka)
  • 不(ふ)思(し)議(ぎ) (fushigi)
  • 不知火(しらぬい) (shiranui)
  • 不如帰(ホトトギス) (hototogisu)
  • 不見転(みずてん) (mizuten)
Kanji in this term
不
ふ
Grade: 4
goon

Pronunciation

  • On’yomi: Goon
    • IPA(key): [ɸɯ̟ᵝ]
  • On’yomi: Goon
    • IPA(key): [bɯ̟ᵝ]

Prefix

不(ふ) or 不(ぶ) • (fu- or bu-) 

  1. un-, non-, in-
    不(ぶ)用(よう)心(じん) (buyōjin, “careless”)
  2. bad, poor
    不(ふ)評(ひょう) (fuhyō, “notoriety”)

Korean

Etymology 1

From Middle Chinese 不 (MC pɨut̚).

Hanja

不 (eumhun 아닐 불 (anil bul))

  1. Hanja form? of 불 (“not”).
Compounds
  • 불명예 (不名譽, bulmyeong'ye)

Etymology 2

From Middle Chinese 不 (MC pɨu).

Hanja

不 (eumhun 아닐 부 (anil bu))

  1. Hanja form? of 부 (“not”).
Compounds
  • 부동산 (不動産, budongsan)

Vietnamese

Han character

不: Hán Việt readings: bất[1][2]
不: Nôm readings: bất[1][2]

  1. chữ Hán form of bất (“un-; in-”).

References

  1. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  2. Trần (2004).
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