下野

下野

Chinese

		under; next; lower under; next; lower; below; underneath; down(wards); to go down; latter	field; plain; open space field; plain; open space; limit; boundary; rude; wild
simp. and trad. (下野)		下	野

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiàyě

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄧㄝˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haa⁶ je⁵
• Min Nan (POJ): hǎ-iá / hā-iá / hēe-iá

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: xiàyě
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄧㄝˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siàyě
    • Wade–Giles: hsia⁴-yeh³
    • Yale: syà-yě
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahyee
    • Palladius: сяе (sjaje)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕjä⁵¹ jɛ²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: haa⁶ je⁵
    • Yale: hah yéh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haa⁶ je⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: ha⁶ yé⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /haː²² jɛː¹³/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hǎ-iá
    • Tâi-lô: hǎ-iá
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ha²² ia⁵⁵⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-iá
    • Tâi-lô: hā-iá
    • Phofsit Daibuun: haxiar
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ ia⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ ia⁴¹/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ ia⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe-iá
    • Tâi-lô: hēe-iá
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²⁻²¹ ia⁵³/

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Verb

下野

1. (politics) to be forced to step down

Etymology 2

Orthographic borrowing from Japanese 下野 (Shimotsuke).

Proper noun

下野

1. (～市) Shimotsuke (a city in Tochigi Prefecture, Japan)

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Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
下	野
げ Grade: 1	や Grade: 2
goon

First attested around the early 1930s.[1]

Appears to be coined in Japan from Middle Chinese-derived elements 下 (ge, “below, lower”) +‎ 野 (ya, “field”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) げ​や [géꜜyà] (Atamadaka – [1])[2]
• IPA^(key): [ɡe̞ja̠]

Noun

下(げ)野(や) • (geya) 

1. (of a public servant) retirement from public office
2. (politics, of a political party) going into the opposition

Verb

下(げ)野(や)する • (geya suru) suru (stem 下(げ)野(や)し (geya shi), past 下(げ)野(や)した (geya shita))

1. (of a public servant) to retire from public office

   Synonym: 野に下る (ya ni kudaru)

2. (politics, of a political party) to go into the opposition

Conjugation

Conjugation of "下野する" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	下野し	げやし	geya shi
Continuative (連用形)	下野し	げやし	geya shi
Terminal (終止形)	下野する	げやする	geya suru
Attributive (連体形)	下野する	げやする	geya suru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	下野すれ	げやすれ	geya sure
Imperative (命令形)	下野せよ¹ 下野しろ²	げやせよ¹ げやしろ²	geya seyo¹ geya shiro²
Key constructions
Passive	下野される	げやされる	geya sareru
Causative	下野させる 下野さす	げやさせる げやさす	geya saseru geya sasu
Potential	下野できる	げやできる	geya dekiru
Volitional	下野しよう	げやしよう	geya shiyō
Negative	下野しない	げやしない	geya shinai
Negative continuative	下野せず	げやせず	geya sezu
Formal	下野します	げやします	geya shimasu
Perfective	下野した	げやした	geya shita
Conjunctive	下野して	げやして	geya shite
Hypothetical conditional	下野すれば	げやすれば	geya sureba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative

See also

• 野(や)党(とう) (yatō, “opposition party”)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
下	野
しも Grade: 1	Grade: 2
kun’yomi	irregular

Alternative spelling
繍線菊 (meadowsweet)

⟨simo₁tuke₂⟩ → */simʷotukei̯/ → /ɕimot͡suke/

Originally a clipping of Old Japanese 下毛野 (Simo₁tuke₂no₁ → Shimotsukeno, literally “Lower Keno”).[3]

The meadowsweet sense was first attested in The Pillow Book (1002), from the province where the flower was first discovered.

Proper noun

下野(しもつけ) • (Shimotsuke) 

1. a placename, such as that of:
   1. (historical) Short for 下野国 (Shimotsuke-no-kuni): Shimotsuke Province, an old province of Japan, now part of Tochigi Prefecture

      Synonym: 野州 (Yashū)

   2. Short for 下野市 (Shimotsuke-shi):Shimotsuke City in Tochigi Prefecture
   3. one of three cities in Toyama Prefecture
2. a surname

Derived terms

• 下野(しもつけ)薬(やく)師寺(しじ)址(あと) (Shimotsuke Yakushiji Ato)
• 木(き)下野(しもつけ) (kishimotsuke)

See also

• 上野(こうずけ) (Kōzuke)

Noun

下野(しもつけ) • (shimotsuke) 

1. the Japanese meadowsweet, Spiraea japonica

   Synonym: 木下野 (kishimotsuke)

   Hypernym: 薔薇 (bara)

Derived terms

Derived terms

• 下野(シモツケ)科(か) (shimotsuke-ka)
• 下野(シモツケ)草(ソウ) (shimotsukesō, “Filipendula multijuga”)
• 赤沼(アカヌマ)下野(シモツケ) (akanuma shimotsuke)
• 岩(イワ)下野(シモツケ) (iwa shimotsuke, “Spiraea nipponica”)
• 蝦夷(エゾ)下野(シモツケ) (Ezo shimotsuke, “Spiraea media subsp. media var. sericea”)
• 草(クサ)下野(シモツケ) (kusa shimotsuke)
• 小(こ)葉(ば)の下野(しもつけ) (koba no shimotsuke)
• 穂(ホ)咲(ザキシモツケ) (hozaki shimotsuke, “Spiraea salicifolia”)
• 丸(マル)葉(バ)下野(シモツケ) (maruba shimotsuke, “Spiraea betulifolia”)

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
下	野
しも Grade: 1	の Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From 下 (shimo, “lower”) +‎ 野 (no, “field”).

Proper noun

下(しも)野(の) • (Shimono) 

1. a placename
2. a surname

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
下	野
した Grade: 1	の Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From 下 (shita, “below”) +‎ 野 (no, “field”).

Proper noun

下(した)野(の) • (Shitano) 

1. a placename
2. a surname

References

1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
3. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

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Korean

Hanja in this term
下	野

Noun

下野 • (haya) (hangeul 하야)

1. Hanja form^? of 하야 (“withdrawal from politics, e.g. being forced to step down”).