下方

下方

Chinese

		under; next; lower under; next; lower; below; underneath; down(wards); to go down; latter	square; quadrilateral; place square; quadrilateral; place; region; direction; side; method; way; prescription; power; upright; just
simp. and trad. (下方)		下	方

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): xiàfāng

  (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄈㄤ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): haa⁶ fong¹
• Min Nan (POJ): hā-hong

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: xiàfāng
    • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ ㄈㄤ
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiahfang
    • Tongyong Pinyin: siàfang
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕjä⁵¹ fɑŋ⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: haa⁶ fong¹
    • Yale: hah fōng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: haa⁶ fong¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: ha⁶ fong¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /häː²² fɔːŋ⁵⁵/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hā-hong
    • Tâi-lô: hā-hong
    • Phofsit Daibuun: haxhofng
    • IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /ha⁴¹⁻²² hɔŋ³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ha²²⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /ha³³⁻¹¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /ha³³⁻²¹ hɔŋ⁴⁴/

Noun

下方

1. lower part; area/place below

Antonyms

• 上方 (shàngfāng)

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (下方):

• → Japanese: 下方 (かほう) (kahō)

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Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
下	方
か Grade: 1	ほう Grade: 2
kan’on

/kahau/ → /kahɔː/ → /kahoː/

From Middle Chinese 下方 (MC ɦˠa^X pʉɐŋ). (Can this⁽⁺⁾ etymology be sourced?)

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Kan’on
  • (Tokyo) かほー [kàhóó] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • IPA^(key): [ka̠ho̞ː]

Noun

下方 (hiragana かほう, rōmaji kahō, historical hiragana かはう)

1. the lower part; an area below, downward

   予想 (よそう)を下方 (かほう)に修正 (しゅうせい)する

   yosō o kahō ni shūsei suru

   revise expectations downward

   Antonym: 上方 (jōhō)

Derived terms

• 下方 (かほう)修正 (しゅうせい) (kahō shūsei)
• 下方 (かほう)伸張 (しんちょう) (kahō shinchō)
• 下方 (かほう)制御 (せいぎょ) (kahō seigyo)
• 下方 (かほう)置換 (ちかん) (kahō chikan)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
下	方
した Grade: 1	かた Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Kanji in this term
下	方
した Grade: 1	かた > がた Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From 下 (shita, “below, down, under”) +‎ 方 (kata, “person”).

Sometimes pronounced with rendaku (連濁), as shitagata.

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Kan’on
  • (Tokyo) したかた [shìtákátá] (Heiban – [0])[1]
  • IPA^(key): [ɕita̠ka̠ta̠]

Noun

下方 (hiragana したかた, rōmaji shitakata, alternative reading したがた, rōmaji shitagata)

1. a low rank, subordinate

Proper noun

下方 (hiragana したかた, rōmaji Shitakata)

1. a placename

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
下	方
しも Grade: 1	かた Grade: 2
kun’yomi

Kanji in this term
下	方
しも Grade: 1	かた > がた Grade: 2
kun’yomi

From 下 (shimo, “lower”) +‎ 方 (kata, “person”).

Sometimes pronounced with rendaku (連濁), as shimogata.

Pronunciation

• On’yomi: Kan’on
  • (Tokyo) しも​かた [shìmóꜜkàtà] (Nakadaka – [2])
  • IPA^(key): [ɕimo̞ka̠ta̠]

Noun

下方 (hiragana しもかた, rōmaji shimokata, alternative reading しもがた, rōmaji shimogata)

1. a low rank, subordinate

Proper noun

下方 (hiragana しもかた, rōmaji Shimokata)

1. a placename
2. a surname

下方 (hiragana しもがた, rōmaji Shimogata)

1. a placename

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
下	方
した Grade: 1	さま > ざま Grade: 2
kun’yomi	Irregular

From 下 (shita, “below, down, under”) +‎ 方 (sama, “appearance, style”).

The sama changes to zama as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Noun

下方 (hiragana したざま, rōmaji shitazama)

1. Synonym of 下様 (shimozama): a low rank, subordinate

   Antonym: 上方 (uezama)

References

1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

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Old Japanese

Etymology

From 下 (sita, “below, down, under”) +‎ 方 (-pe₁, “location, direction”).

Noun

下方 (sitape₁) (kana したへ)

1. the land of the dead, underworld
   • c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 5, poem 905), text here

     和可家礼婆道行之良士末比波世武之多敞乃使於比弖登保良世

     wakake₁reba mi₁tiyuki₁ sirazi mapi₁ pa semu sitape₁ no₂ tukapi₁ opite to₂porase

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   Synonyms: 根の國 (ne-no₂-kuni), 黃泉 (yo₂mi₂)

Descendants

• Japanese: 下方 (shitahe)