下
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Translingual
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Han character
下 (Kangxi radical 1, 一+2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition ⿱一卜)
Derived characters
- 𬽥, 吓, 圷, 𢗄, 𢩹, 𪵩, 𨑜, 𭠏, 𭩙, 𬾂, 𧘔, 𠀴, 虾, 𠖈, 𣑎, 𬇭, 𠁄, 𮧉, 𤲂, 𮏱, 𣗱, 𠁑, 𥰊, 𣍋, 𡬈, 𬕹
- 𠀨, 𠁚, 乤, 𠮴, 忑, 𠀿, 颪, 𫇥, 𭆼, 芐, 𪱱, 𣲉, 𥫫, 𠀳, 𫢵, 𰂖, 雫, 梺, 𭡍, 𠁎, 疜, 閇
- 𰉌, 垰, 峠, 挊, 桛, 裃, 𧧎, 鞐
References
- KangXi: page 76, character 10
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
- Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 7, character 1
- Unihan data for U+4E0B
Chinese
simp. and trad. | 下 | |
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alternative forms | 丅 ancient 𠄟 |
Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 下 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Qin slip script | Ancient script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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References: Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
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Old Chinese | |
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丅 | *ɡraːʔ |
下 | *ɡraːʔ, *ɡraːs |
芐 | *ɡraːs, *ɡaːʔ |
下 in its shell and bone form is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of down by showing one line below another (contrast 上). The shell and bone form evolved into 下, the character used today.
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/j/t (“to fall”) (STEDT):
- inside Sinitic, cognate to 落 (OC *ɡ·raːɡ, “to fall, to drop”), 露 (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “dew”), 陊 (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ, “to collapse”) and 阤 (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ, “hillside, slope”);
- outside Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (“to fall”), thla ~ thlâk (“to drop”), Burmese ကျ (kya., “to fall”) and ချ (hkya., “to drop”).
Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origin by comparing 下 (OC *ɡraːʔ, “to descend, down, below”) to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, “be low, debased”); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *-ʔ. He derives the departing tone (去聲) pronunciation via two derivations:
- 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to be put down”) is an exopassive derivation (ibid.);
- 下 (OC *ɡraːs, “to descend, to fall”) is a later, general departing tone derivative (ibid.).
Pronunciation
Definitions
下
- (lower; inferior; located below)
- Antonym: 上 (shàng)
- low position
- 下層/下层 ― xiàcéng ― lower level
- lower part of; under
- 樹下/树下 ― shùxià ― under the tree
- 樓下/楼下 ― lóuxià ― downstairs
- under the influence of; with
- 在這些條件下/在这些条件下 ― zài zhèxiē tiáojiàn xià ― under these conditions
- 在朋友的幫助下/在朋友的帮助下 ― zài péngyǒu de bāngzhù xià ― with help from friends
- 在藥師指導下/在药师指导下 ― zài yàoshī zhǐdǎo xià ― under the instruction of a pharmacist
- later; next
- 下個世紀/下个世纪 ― xià ge shìjì ― the next century
- 下卷 ― xiàjuǎn ― Volume II
- † inferior, poor
- 下人 ― xiàrén ― servant
- 下品 ― xiàpǐn ― inferior products
- (Min Dong, Min Nan, Xiang) low (quantity or absolute position)
- alt. forms: 低 (Min Nan)
- (to go to a lower place)
- Antonym: 上 (shàng)
- to go down; to descend (as complement) downwards; down
- 你快下來。/你快下来。 ― Nǐ kuài xià lái. ― Come down here.
- 下海 ― xiàhǎi ― to go to sea
- 下樓/下楼 ― xiàlóu ― to go downstairs
- 下山 ― xiàshān ― to go down the mountain
- 走下 ― zǒuxià ― to walk down
- 落下 ― luòxià ― to fall down
- 跳下深淵/跳下深渊 ― tiàoxià shēnyuān ― to jump down to an abyss
- (as complement) completely, thoroughly
- 拿下 ― náxià ― to capture; to arrest
- 打下基礎/打下基础 ― dǎxià jīchǔ ― to lay the foundation
- to get out of; to leave; to alight; to get off
- 下船 ― xiàchuán ― to disembark from a boat
- 下床 ― xiàchuáng ― to get out of bed
- to finish, to complete
- 下班 ― xiàbān ― to get off work
- 下課/下课 ― xiàkè ― to finish class
- † to go to somewhere considered poor or inferior
- 下鄉/下乡 ― xiàxiāng ― to go to the countryside
- 下館子/下馆子 ― xiàguǎnzǐ ― to go to the restaurant
- 下野 ― xiàyě ― to be forced to step down
- (colloquial) Short for 下線 (“to log out”).
- (to move something to a lower place)
- (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down
- 下筆/下笔 ― xiàbǐ ― to start writing (lit., "to put the inkbrush down")
- 下腳/下脚 ― xiàjiǎo ― to have a small place to stand in (lit., "to put the feet down")
- 下藥/下药 ― xiàyào ― to drug someone (lit., "to put the drug down")
- 下榻 ― xiàtà ― to stay the night (lit., "to put the bed down")
- to put food into boiling water
- 下麵條/下面条 ― xià miàntiáo ― to put noodles into boiling water
- 下餃子/下饺子 ― xià jiǎozǐ ― to put dumplings into boiling water
- to rain or snow
- 下雪 ― xiàxuě ― to snow
- 下雨 ― xiàyǔ ― to rain
- to give birth (as an animal)
- 下豬仔/下猪仔 ― xià zhūzaǐ ― to have piglets
- 下蛋 ― xiàdàn ― to lay eggs
- (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”).
- 先去下個軟件。/先去下个软件。 ― Xiān qù xià ge ruǎnjiàn. ― Download the software first.
- to give or issue something to an inferior person
- 下令 ― xiàlìng ― to issue an order
- to send an invitation
- 下戰書/下战书 ― xià zhànshū ― to send a letter of challenge
- † to conquer
- 連下三城/连下三城 ― lián xià sān chéng ― to achieve three goals successively (lit. "to conquer three forts successively")
- (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down
- (a short time)
- (historical, obsolete) Synonym of 點/点: an ancient unit of time, equal to 24 minutes
- (colloquial) (as complement) Short for 一下.
- alt. forms: 吓 (Cantonese)
- for a short time; for one moment
- 等下 ― děng xià ― wait a moment
- give something a go
- 看下 ― kàn xià ― take a look
- 睇下 [Cantonese] ― tai2 haa5 [Jyutping] ― take a look
- 聞下/闻下 [Cantonese] ― man4 haa5 [Jyutping] ― try smelling it
- Classifier for the number of occurrences: time
- 敲三下門。/敲三下门。 ― Qiāo sān xià mén. ― Knock at the door three times.
Synonyms
Variety | Location | Words edit |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 下 | |
Mandarin | Beijing | 下 |
Taiwan | 下 | |
Yantai (Muping) | 下 | |
Jinan | 下 | |
Wanrong | 下 | |
Xi'an | 下 | |
Yinchuan | 下 | |
Xining | 下 | |
Ürümqi | 下 | |
Yangzhou | 下 | |
Malaysia | 下 | |
Singapore | 下 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 落 |
Hong Kong | 落 | |
Yangjiang | 落 | |
Nanning | 落 | |
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 落 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 落 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 下 |
Pingxiang | 下 | |
Hakka | Meixian | 落 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 下 |
Xinzhou | 下 | |
Min Bei | Jian'ou | 下 |
Min Nan | Xiamen | 落 |
Quanzhou | 落 | |
Zhangzhou | 落 | |
Zhao'an | 落 | |
Taipei | 落 GT | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 落 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 落 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 落 | |
Chaozhou | 落 | |
Shantou | 落 | |
Jieyang | 落 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 落 | |
Wenchang | 落 | |
Haikou | 落 | |
Qionghai | 落 | |
Singapore (Hainanese) | 落 | |
Wu | Hangzhou | 下, 落 |
Hangzhou (Yuhang) | 落 | |
Wenzhou | 落 | |
Jinhua | 落 | |
Note | GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified) |
Variety | Location | Words edit |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 一下 | |
Mandarin | Taiwan | 一下, 看看 |
Malaysia | 一下 | |
Singapore | 一下 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 下 |
Hong Kong | 下 | |
Macau | 下 | |
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) | 下 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 下 | |
Min Nan | Xiamen | 看覓 |
Quanzhou | 看覓 | |
Zhangzhou | 看覓 | |
Taipei | 看覓 | |
Kaohsiung | 看覓 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 看覓 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 看覓, 一下 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 看覓, 一下 | |
Chaozhou | 睇, 下睇 | |
Shantou | 一下 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 睇 | |
Wu | Shanghai | 一記, 看 |
Suzhou | 一記, 看 | |
Ningbo | 一記, 看 |
Variety | Location | Words edit |
---|---|---|
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) | 低 | |
Mandarin | Beijing | 低 |
Taiwan | 低 | |
Jinan | 低 | |
Xi'an | 低 | |
Wuhan | 低, 矮 | |
Chengdu | 矮, 低 | |
Yangzhou | 低 | |
Hefei | 低, 矮 | |
Malaysia | 低 | |
Singapore | 低 | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | 低 |
Hong Kong | 低 | |
Taishan | 低 | |
Yangjiang | 低 | |
Singapore (Guangfu) | 低 | |
Gan | Nanchang | 低, 矮 |
Hakka | Meixian | 低, 矮 |
Jin | Taiyuan | 低 |
Min Bei | Jian'ou | 矮 |
Min Dong | Fuzhou | 下, 矮 |
Min Nan | Xiamen | 下 |
Quanzhou | 下 | |
Zhangzhou | 下 | |
Tainan | 下 | |
Penang (Hokkien) | 下 | |
Singapore (Hokkien) | 下 | |
Manila (Hokkien) | 下 | |
Chaozhou | 下, 矮 | |
Shantou | 下 | |
Jieyang | 下 | |
Singapore (Teochew) | 下 | |
Pontianak (Teochew) | 下 | |
Singapore (Hainanese) | 低 | |
Wu | Suzhou | 低 |
Ningbo | 低, 矮 | |
Zhoushan | 低, 矮 | |
Wenzhou | 低, 矮 | |
Xiang | Changsha | 低, 矮, 下 |
Shuangfeng | 低, 矮 |
See also
- 落 (luò)
Compounds
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Descendants
- → Japanese: 下 (ka); 下 (ge)
- → Korean: 하(下) (ha)
- → Vietnamese: hạ (下)
References
- “下”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學/香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00005
- “Entry #175”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.
Japanese
Kanji
(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)
Readings
- Go-on: げ (ge, Jōyō)
- Kan-on: か (ka, Jōyō)
- Kun: した (shita, 下, Jōyō); しも (shimo, 下, Jōyō); もと (moto, 下, Jōyō); さがる (sagaru, 下がる, Jōyō); さげる (sageru, 下げる, Jōyō); くだる (kudaru, 下る, Jōyō); くだす (kudasu, 下す, Jōyō); くださる (kudasaru, 下さる, Jōyō); おりる (oriru, 下りる, Jōyō); おろす (orosu, 下ろす, Jōyō)
Compounds
- 下限 (kagen)
- 下弦 (kagen)
- 下降 (kakō)
- 下剋上 (gekokujō)
- 下車 (gesha)
- 下種, 下衆, 下司 (gesu)
- 下駄 (geta)
- 下痢 (geri)
- 閾下 (ikika, “subliminal”)
- 上下 (jōge)
- 上中下巻 (jōchūgekan)
Etymology 1
Kanji in this term |
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下 |
した Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
/sita/ → /ɕita/
From Old Japanese.
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) した [sh
ìtá] (Heiban – [0])[1][2] - IPA(key): [ɕi̥ta̠]
Noun
下 • (shita)
- the underneath
- Antonym: 上 (ue)
- 1928, 梶井基次郎 [Kajii Motojirō], 桜の樹の下には (Sakura no ki no shita ni wa) [Under the cherry trees], 新字新仮名 edition:
- 桜の樹の下には屍体が埋まっている!これは信じていいことなんだよ。
- Sakura no ki no shita ni wa shitai ga umatte iru! Kore wa shinjite ii koto na n da yo.
- There are dead bodies buried under the cherry trees! This is something you should believe.
- 桜の樹の下には屍体が埋まっている!これは信じていいことなんだよ。
Derived terms
- 下着 (shitagi)
- 靴下 (kutsushita, “socks”)
- 幕下 (makushita)
Etymology 2
Kanji in this term |
---|
下 |
しも Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
⟨simo1⟩ → /simʷo/ → /ɕimo/
From Old Japanese.
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) しも [shìmóꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1][2]
- IPA(key): [ɕimo̞]
Noun
下 • (shimo)
- the lower portion, end
- Antonym: 上 (kami)
- lowness in degree or rank
- the downstream portion of a river
- the downriver area
- the area farther from the capital
- the last part of a month, year, etc.
- the lower half of the body
- (euphemistic) privates
- (euphemistic) feces and urine, excrement
Derived terms
- 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō)
- 下総 (Shimōsa)
- 下掛かる (shimogakaru)
- 下期 (shimoki)
- 下五 (shimogo)
- 下肥 (shimogoe)
- 下座 (shimoza)
- 下々 (shimojimo)
- 下女中 (shimojochū)
- 下野 (shimotsuke)
- 下手 (shimote)
- 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō)
- 下の句 (shimo no ku)
- 下関 (Shimonoseki)
- 下ネタ (shimoneta)
- 下半期 (shimohanki)
- 下半身 (shimohanshin)
- 下膨れ (shimobukure)
- 僕, 下部 (shimobe)
- 下屋敷 (shimoyashiki)
- 風下 (kazashimo)
- 上下, 裃 (kamishimo)
- 川下 (kawashimo)
- 水下 (minashimo)
Etymology 3
Kanji in this term |
---|
下 |
もと Grade: 1 |
kun’yomi |
Cognate with 本 (moto, “origin”).[3][4]
Alternative forms
- 元, 許
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) もと [mòtóꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1][2]
- IPA(key): [mo̞to̞]
Noun
下 • (moto)
- the lower portion, base
- under the influence of
- 同意のもと、 […]
- dōi no moto, […]
- with permission, […]
- 同意のもと、 […]
Etymology 4
Kanji in this term |
---|
下 |
げ Grade: 1 |
goon |
From Middle Chinese 下 (MC ɦˠaX, ɦˠaH).
The 呉音 (goon, literally “Wu sound”) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) げ [géꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
- (Tokyo) げ [gè] (Heiban – [0])[1][2]
- IPA(key): [ɡe̞]
Noun
下 • (ge)
- the last volume in a two- or three-volume set
Etymology 5
Kanji in this term |
---|
下 |
か Grade: 1 |
kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 下 (MC ɦˠaX, ɦˠaH).
The 漢音 (kan'on, literally “Han sound”) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ka̠]
Affix
下 • (ka)
- down; below; beneath
Suffix
下 • (-ka)
- under a situation
References
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Korean
Hanja
下 (eumhun 아래 하 (arae ha))
- (only used in compounds) Hanja form? of 하 (“below; bottom; lower; underneath”).
Compounds
- 각하 (閣下, gakha)
- 낙하 (落下, nakha)
- 낭하/랑하 (廊下, nangha/rangha)
- 저하 (低下, jeoha)
- 전하 (殿下, jeonha)
- 지하 (地下, jiha)
- 천하 (天下, cheonha)
- 폐하 (陛下, pyeha)
- 하부 (下部, habu)
- 하수 (下水, hasu)
Okinawan
Etymology
Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as しちや.[1]
Cognate with mainland Japanese 下 (shita).
Noun
下 (hiragana しちゃ, romaji shicha)
- the below
Derived terms
- 下着 (しちゃぢ, shichaji, “underwear”)
References
- 1896: 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”). In Japanese. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/992016/46
Old Japanese
Etymology 1
From Proto-Japonic *sita.
Noun
下 (sita) (kana した)
- the below
- looking down
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 57)
- ...佐斯夫袁佐斯夫能紀斯賀斯多迩淤斐陀弖流波毘呂由都麻都婆岐...
- ...sasibu wo sasibu no2 ki2 si ga sita ni opi2dateru pabi1ro2 yu tu ma-tubaki1...
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 57)
- a place
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 5)
- ..多久夫須麻佐夜具賀斯多爾阿和由岐能和加夜流牟泥遠多久豆怒能斯路岐多陀牟岐...
- ...takubusuma sayagu ga sita ni wakayaru mune wo takuduno1 no2 siro1ki1 tadamuki...
- (please add an English translation of this usage example)
- 711–712, Kojiki (poem 5)
- Antonym: 上 (upe2)
- looking down
Derived terms
- 下問ひ, 下訪ひ (sitado1pi1)
- 下泣き (sitanaki1)
- 天の下 (ame2no2sita)
Descendants
- Japanese: 下 (shita)
Etymology 2
From Proto-Japonic *simo.
Noun
下 (simo1 → simo) (kana しも)
- the lower part
- Antonym: 上 (kami1)
Descendants
- Japanese: 下 (shimo)
Vietnamese
Han character
下: Hán Việt readings: hạ[1][2][3]
下: Nôm readings: hạ[1][2][3]
- chữ Hán form of hạ (“to lower; to bring down; to take down”).
Compounds
- 天下 (thiên hạ)
References
- Nguyễn (2014).
- Nguyễn et al. (2009).
- Trần (2004).