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单词
释义

See also: and
U+4E0B, 下
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E0B

[U+4E0A]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+4E0C]

Translingual

Stroke order
Stroke order

Han character

(Kangxi radical 1, +2, 3 strokes, cangjie input 一卜 (MY), four-corner 10230, composition一卜)

Derived characters

  • 𬽥, 吓, 圷, 𢗄, 𢩹, 𪵩, 𨑜, 𭠏, 𭩙, 𬾂, 𧘔, 𠀴, 虾, 𠖈, 𣑎, 𬇭, 𠁄, 𮧉, 𤲂, 𮏱, 𣗱, 𠁑, 𥰊, 𣍋, 𡬈, 𬕹
  • 𠀨, 𠁚, 乤, 𠮴, 忑, 𠀿, 颪, 𫇥, 𭆼, 芐, 𪱱, 𣲉, 𥫫, 𠀳, 𫢵, 𰂖, 雫, 梺, 𭡍, 𠁎, 疜, 閇
  • 𰉌, 垰, 峠, 挊, 桛, 裃, 𧧎, 鞐

References

  • KangXi: page 76, character 10
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14
  • Dae Jaweon: page 147, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 7, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+4E0B

Chinese

simp. and trad.
alternative forms ancient
𠄟

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character
ShangWestern ZhouSpring and AutumnWarring StatesShuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone scriptBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsBronze inscriptionsChu slip and silk scriptQin slip scriptAncient scriptSmall seal scriptTranscribed ancient scripts





References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).

in its shell and bone form is an ideogram (指事) that shows the concept of down by showing one line below another (contrast ). The shell and bone form evolved into , the character used today.

Etymology

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(k/g)la-k/j/t (to fall) (STEDT):

  • inside Sinitic, cognate to (OC *ɡ·raːɡ, “to fall, to drop”), (OC *ɡ·raːɡs, “dew”), (OC *l'aːlʔ, *l'alʔ, “to collapse”) and (OC *l'alʔ, *hljalʔ, “hillside, slope”);
  • outside Sinitic, cognate to Mizo tla ~ tlâk (to fall), thla ~ thlâk (to drop), Burmese ကျ (kya., to fall) and ချ (hkya., to drop).

Schuessler (2007) instead proposed an Austroasiatic origin by comparing (OC *ɡraːʔ, “to descend, down, below”) to Khmer [script needed] (gra'ka, be low, debased); additionally, he suggested that Sino-Tibetan influence had possibly caused the weakening of foreign final *-k to OC final *. He derives the departing tone (去聲) pronunciation via two derivations:

  • (OC *ɡraːs, “to be put down”) is an exopassive derivation (ibid.);
  • (OC *ɡraːs, “to descend, to fall”) is a later, general departing tone derivative (ibid.).

Pronunciation

  • Mandarin
    (Standard)
    (Pinyin): xià (xia4)
    (Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ
    (Chengdu, SP): ha4 / xia4
    (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): щя (xi͡a, I)
  • Cantonese (Jyutping): haa6, haa5
  • Gan (Wiktionary): ha2
  • Hakka
    (Sixian, PFS): hâ / há / ha
    (Meixian, Guangdong): ha4
  • Jin (Wiktionary): ha3 / xia3
  • Min Bei (KCR): hā / à
  • Min Dong (BUC): hâ / â / giâ
  • Min Nan
    (Hokkien, POJ): hā / hǎ / hē / hě / hēe / hiěe / khē / khě / ē / ě / ēe / ěe / kē / kě / kēe / kiěe
    (Teochew, Peng'im): hia6 / ê6 / ê7 / gê6 / hê6
  • Wu (Wiktionary): hho (T3); xia (T2); hhia (T3)
  • Xiang (Wiktionary): ha2

  • Mandarin
    • (Standard Chinese)+
      • Hanyu Pinyin: xià
      • Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
      • Tongyong Pinyin: sià
      • Wade–Giles: hsia4
      • Yale: syà
      • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
      • Palladius: ся (sja)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɕjä⁵¹/
    • (Chengdu)
      • Sichuanese Pinyin: ha4 / xia4
      • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xa / xia
      • Sinological IPA (key): /xa²¹³/, /ɕia²¹³/
Note:
  • ha4 - vernacular;
  • xia4 - literary.
    • (Dungan)
      • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: щя (xi͡a, I)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɕia²⁴/
      (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
  • Cantonese
    • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
      • Jyutping: haa6, haa5
      • Yale: hah, háh
      • Cantonese Pinyin: haa6, haa5
      • Guangdong Romanization: ha6, ha5
      • Sinological IPA (key): /haː²²/, /haː¹³/
Note: haa5 - “in a short time etc.”.
  • Gan
    • (Nanchang)
      • Wiktionary: ha2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ha²⁴/
  • Hakka
    • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
      • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hâ / há / ha
      • Hakka Romanization System: ha´ / ha` / ha
      • Hagfa Pinyim: ha1 / ha3 / ha4
      • Sinological IPA: /ha²⁴/, /ha³¹/, /ha⁵⁵/
    • (Meixian)
      • Guangdong: ha4
      • Sinological IPA: /ha⁵³/
  • Jin
    • (Taiyuan)+
      • Wiktionary: ha3 / xia3
      • Sinological IPA (old-style): /xa⁴⁵/, /ɕia⁴⁵/
  • Min Bei
    • (Jian'ou)
      • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hā / à
      • Sinological IPA (key): /xa⁵⁵/, /a⁴²/
Note:
  • hā - literary;
  • à - vernacular.
  • Min Dong
    • (Fuzhou)
      • Bàng-uâ-cê: hâ / â / giâ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /hɑ²⁴²/, /ɑ²⁴²/, /kiɑ²⁴²/
Note:
  • hâ - literary;
  • â, giâ - vernacular.
  • Min Nan
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī:
      • Tâi-lô:
      • Phofsit Daibuun: ha
      • IPA (Xiamen): /ha²²/
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ha³³/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī:
      • Tâi-lô:
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /ha²²/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī:
      • Tâi-lô:
      • Phofsit Daibuun: he
      • IPA (Xiamen): /he²²/
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /he³³/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī:
      • Tâi-lô:
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /he²²/
    • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Penang)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hēe
      • Tâi-lô: hēe
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²²/
      • IPA (Penang): /hɛ²¹/
    • (Hokkien: Longyan)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiěe
      • Tâi-lô: hiěe
      • IPA (Longyan): /hiɛ⁵³/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, variant in Taiwan)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khē
      • Tâi-lô: khē
      • Phofsit Daibuun: qe
      • IPA (Xiamen): /kʰe²²/
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /kʰe³³/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khě
      • Tâi-lô: khě
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰe²²/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ē
      • Tâi-lô: ē
      • Phofsit Daibuun: e
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /e³³/
      • IPA (Xiamen): /e²²/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ě
      • Tâi-lô: ě
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /e²²/
    • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ēe
      • Tâi-lô: ēe
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /ɛ²²/
    • (Hokkien: Longyan)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ěe
      • Tâi-lô: ěe
      • IPA (Longyan): /ɛ⁵³/
    • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī:
      • Tâi-lô:
      • Phofsit Daibuun: ke
      • IPA (Xiamen): /ke²²/
      • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ke³³/
    • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī:
      • Tâi-lô:
      • IPA (Quanzhou): /ke²²/
    • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kēe
      • Tâi-lô: kēe
      • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kɛ²²/
    • (Hokkien: Longyan)
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiěe
      • Tâi-lô: kiěe
      • IPA (Longyan): /kiɛ⁵³/
Note:
  • hā/hǎ/hēe/hiěe - literary;
  • hē/hě/hēe/hiěe/khē/khě - vernacular (“to put”);
  • ē/ě/ēe/ěe - vernacular (“next; a short time”);
  • kē/kě/kēe/kiěe (often replaced by ) - vernacular (“low, short”).
    • (Teochew)
      • Peng'im: hia6 / ê6 / ê7 / gê6 / hê6
      • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hiă / ĕ / ē / kĕ / hĕ
      • Sinological IPA (key): /hia³⁵/, /e³⁵/, /e¹¹/, /ke³⁵/, /he³⁵/
Note:
  • hia6 - literary;
  • ê6 - vernacular;
  • ê7 - classifier;
  • gê6 - “low, short” (often replaced by );
  • hê6 - “to put in, to start”.
  • Wu
    • (Shanghainese)
      • Wiktionary: hho (T3); xia (T2); hhia (T3)
      • Sinological IPA (key): /ɦo²³/, /ɕia̱³⁴/, /ɦia̱²³/
Note:
  • 3hho - vernacular;
  • 2xia, 3hhia - literary.
  • Xiang
    • (Changsha)
      • Wiktionary: ha2
      • Sinological IPA (key): /xa̠¹³/

  • Dialectal data
VarietyLocation
edit
下 (底)
edit
下 (降)
edit
下 (等一子)
MandarinBeijing/ɕia⁵¹/ /ɕia⁵¹/ /ɕia⁵¹/
Harbin/ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/
Tianjin/ɕiɑ⁵³/ /ɕiɑ⁵³/ /ɕiɑ⁵³/
Jinan/ɕia²¹/ /ɕia²¹/ /ɕia²¹/
Qingdao/ɕia⁴²/ /ɕia⁴²/ /ɕia⁴²/
Zhengzhou/ɕia³¹²/ /ɕia³¹²/ /ɕia³¹²/
Xi'an/xa⁴⁴/ ~頭/ɕia⁴⁴/ /xa⁴⁴/
Xining/xa²¹³/ /ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
Yinchuan/ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/
Lanzhou/xa¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /xa¹³/
Ürümqi/xa²¹³/ /ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
Wuhan/ɕia³⁵/ /ɕia³⁵/ /ɕia³⁵/
/xa³⁵/
Chengdu/ɕia¹³/ /ɕia¹³/ /xa¹³/
Guiyang/xa²¹³/
/ɕia²¹³/
/ɕia²¹³/ /xa²¹³/
Kunming/ɕia̠²¹²/ /ɕia̠²¹²/ /xa̠²¹²/
Nanjing/ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/ /ɕiɑ⁴⁴/
Hefei/ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/ /ɕia⁵³/
JinTaiyuan/xa⁴⁵/ /ɕia⁴⁵/ /xa⁴⁵/
/ɕia⁴⁵/
Pingyao/xɑ³⁵/ /xɑ³⁵/ /xɑ³⁵/
Hohhot/ɕiaʔ⁰/ /ɕia⁵⁵/ /ɕia⁵⁵/
WuShanghai/ɦo²³/
/ɕia⁵³/
/ɦo²³/
/ɕia⁵³/
/ɕiɪʔ⁵/ (歇)
Suzhou/ɦo³¹/ /ɦo³¹/
Hangzhou/ɦiɑ¹³/ /ɦiɑ¹³/ /ɦiɑ¹³/
Wenzhou/ɦo³⁵/ /ɦo²²/ /o⁴²/
HuiShexian/ɕia²²/
/xa³⁵/
/ɕia²²/
/xa²²/
/xa²²/
Tunxi/xɔ²⁴/ /xɔ²⁴/ /xɔ¹¹/
XiangChangsha/xa¹¹/ /ɕia⁵⁵/
/ɕia¹¹/
/xa¹¹/
Xiangtan/ɦɒ²¹/ /ɕiɒ²¹/ /ɦɒ²¹/
GanNanchang/hɑ²¹/ /hɑ²¹/ /hɑ²¹/
HakkaMeixian/ha⁴⁴/ /ha³¹/ /ha⁵³/
Taoyuan/hɑ²⁴/ /hɑ⁵⁵/ /hɑ⁵⁵/
CantoneseGuangzhou/ha²²/ /ha²²/ /ha²³/
Nanning/ha²⁴/ /ha²²/ /ha²²/
Hong Kong/ha²²/ /ha²²/ /ha¹³/
MinXiamen (Min Nan)/ha²²/
/ke²²/
/ha²²/ /ha²²/
/e²²/
Fuzhou (Min Dong)/ɑ²⁴²/ /kiɑ²⁴²/ /hɑ²⁴²/
Jian'ou (Min Bei)/tai²¹/ /a⁴²/ /xa⁴⁴/
Shantou (Min Nan)/e³⁵/ /hia³⁵/ /e³¹/
Haikou (Min Nan)/ɛ³³/ /ɛ³³/ /ɛ²³/

  • Middle Chinese: /ɦˠaX/, /ɦˠaH/
Rime
Character
Reading #1/22/2
Initial () (33) (33)
Final () (98) (98)
Tone (調)Rising (X)Departing (H)
Openness (開合)OpenOpen
Division ()IIII
Fanqie胡雅切胡駕切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/ɦˠaX//ɦˠaH/
Pan
Wuyun
/ɦᵚaX//ɦᵚaH/
Shao
Rongfen
/ɣaX//ɣaH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/ɦaɨX//ɦaɨH/
Li
Rong
/ɣaX//ɣaH/
Wang
Li
/ɣaX//ɣaH/
Bernard
Karlgren
/ɣaX//ɣaH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
xiàxià
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
haa6haa6
  • Old Chinese
    (Baxter–Sagart): /*ɡˤraʔ/, /*m-ɡˤraʔ-s/
    (Zhengzhang): /*ɡraːʔ/, /*ɡraːs/
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading #1/22/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
xiàxià
Middle
Chinese
‹ X ›‹ H ›
Old
Chinese
/*ɡˁraʔ//*m-ɡˁraʔ-s/
Englishdowndescend

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading #1/22/2
No.1344513446
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
00
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*ɡraːʔ//*ɡraːs/

Definitions

  1. (lower; inferior; located below)
    Antonym: (shàng)
    1. low position
         xiàcéng   lower level
    2. lower part of; under
         shùxià   under the tree
         lóuxià   downstairs
      1. under the influence of; with
        在這些條件在这些条件   zài zhèxiē tiáojiàn xià   under these conditions
        在朋友的幫助在朋友的帮助   zài péngyǒu de bāngzhù xià   with help from friends
        在藥師指導在药师指导   zài yàoshī zhǐdǎo xià   under the instruction of a pharmacist
    3. later; next
      個世紀个世纪   xià ge shìjì   the next century
         xiàjuǎn   Volume II
    4. inferior, poor
         xiàrén   servant
         xiàpǐn   inferior products
    5. (Min Dong, Min Nan, Xiang) low (quantity or absolute position)
      alt. forms: (Min Nan)
  2. (to go to a lower place)
    Antonym: (shàng)
    1. to go down; to descend (as complement) downwards; down
      你快來。你快来。   Nǐ kuài xià lái.   Come down here.
         xiàhǎi   to go to sea
         xiàlóu   to go downstairs
         xiàshān   to go down the mountain
         zǒuxià   to walk down
         luòxià   to fall down
      深淵深渊   tiàoxià shēnyuān   to jump down to an abyss
      1. (as complement) completely, thoroughly
           xià   to capture; to arrest
        基礎基础   xià jīchǔ   to lay the foundation
    2. to get out of; to leave; to alight; to get off
         xiàchuán   to disembark from a boat
         xiàchuáng   to get out of bed
      1. to finish, to complete
           xiàbān   to get off work
           xià   to finish class
    3. to go to somewhere considered poor or inferior
         xiàxiāng   to go to the countryside
      館子馆子   xiàguǎnzǐ   to go to the restaurant
         xià   to be forced to step down
    4. (colloquial) Short for 下線 (“to log out”).
  3. (to move something to a lower place)
    1. (with limited objects, often figuratively) to put something down
         xià   to start writing (lit., "to put the inkbrush down")
         xiàjiǎo   to have a small place to stand in (lit., "to put the feet down")
         xiàyào   to drug someone (lit., "to put the drug down")
         xià   to stay the night (lit., "to put the bed down")
      1. to put food into boiling water
        麵條面条   xià miàntiáo   to put noodles into boiling water
        餃子饺子   xià jiǎozǐ   to put dumplings into boiling water
      2. to rain or snow
           xiàxuě   to snow
           xià   to rain
      3. to give birth (as an animal)
        豬仔猪仔   xià zhūzaǐ   to have piglets
           xiàdàn   to lay eggs
      4. (colloquial) Short for 下載 (“to download”).
        先去個軟件。先去个软件。   Xiān qù xià ge ruǎnjiàn.   Download the software first.
    2. to give or issue something to an inferior person
         xiàlìng   to issue an order
      1. to send an invitation
        戰書战书   xià zhànshū   to send a letter of challenge
    3. to conquer
      三城三城   lián xià sān chéng   to achieve three goals successively (lit. "to conquer three forts successively")
  4. (a short time)
    1. (historical, obsolete) Synonym of : an ancient unit of time, equal to 24 minutes
    2. (colloquial) (as complement) Short for 一下.
      alt. forms: (Cantonese)
      1. for a short time; for one moment
           děng xià   wait a moment
      2. give something a go
           kàn xià   take a look
        [Cantonese]   tai2 haa5 [Jyutping]   take a look
        [Cantonese]   man4 haa5 [Jyutping]   try smelling it
    3. Classifier for the number of occurrences: time
      敲三門。敲三门。   Qiāo sān xià mén.   Knock at the door three times.

Synonyms

See also

  • (luò)

Compounds

Descendants

Sino-Xenic ():
  • Japanese: () (ka); () (ge)
  • Korean: 하(下) (ha)
  • Vietnamese: hạ ()

References

  • ”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database), 香港中文大學香港中文大学 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014
  • Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A00005
  • Entry #175”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (in Chinese and Min Nan), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2011.

Japanese

Kanji

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings

  • Go-on: (ge, Jōyō)
  • Kan-on: (ka, Jōyō)
  • Kun: した (shita, , Jōyō); しも (shimo, , Jōyō); もと (moto, , Jōyō); さがる (sagaru, 下がる, Jōyō); さげる (sageru, 下げる, Jōyō); くだる (kudaru, 下る, Jōyō); くだす (kudasu, 下す, Jōyō); くださる (kudasaru, 下さる, Jōyō); おりる (oriru, 下りる, Jōyō); おろす (orosu, 下ろす, Jōyō)

Compounds

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
した
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

/sita//ɕita/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) [shìtá] (Heiban – [0])[1][2]
  • IPA(key): [ɕi̥ta̠]

Noun

(した) (shita) 

  1. the underneath
    Antonym: (ue)
    • 1928, 梶井基次郎(かじいもとじろう) [Kajii Motojirō], (さくら)()(した)には (Sakura no ki no shita ni wa) [Under the cherry trees], 新字新仮名 edition:
      (さくら)()(した)には屍体(したい)()まっている!これは(しん)じていいことなんだよ。
      Sakura no ki no shita ni wa shitai ga umatte iru! Kore wa shinjite ii koto na n da yo.
      There are dead bodies buried under the cherry trees! This is something you should believe.
Derived terms
  • (した)() (shitagi)
  • (くつ)(した) (kutsushita, socks)
  • (まく)(した) (makushita)

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
しも
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

⟨simo1/simʷo//ɕimo/

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) [shìmóꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1][2]
  • IPA(key): [ɕimo̞]

Noun

(しも) (shimo) 

  1. the lower portion, end
    Antonym: (kami)
  2. lowness in degree or rank
  3. the downstream portion of a river
  4. the downriver area
  5. the area farther from the capital
  6. the last part of a month, year, etc.
  7. the lower half of the body
  8. (euphemistic) privates
  9. (euphemistic) feces and urine, excrement
Derived terms

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
もと
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Cognate with (moto, origin).[3][4]

Alternative forms

  • ,

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) [mòtóꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1][2]
  • IPA(key): [mo̞to̞]

Noun

(もと) (moto) 

  1. the lower portion, base
  2. under the influence of
    (どう)()もと []
    dōi no moto, []
    with permission, []

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term

Grade: 1
goon

From Middle Chinese (MC ɦˠaX, ɦˠaH).

The 呉音 (goon, literally Wu sound) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation

  • (Tokyo) [géꜜ] (Atamadaka – [1])[1][2]
  • (Tokyo) [gè] (Heiban – [0])[1][2]
  • IPA(key): [ɡe̞]

Noun

() (ge) 

  1. the last volume in a two- or three-volume set

Etymology 5

Kanji in this term

Grade: 1
kan’on

From Middle Chinese (MC ɦˠaX, ɦˠaH).

The 漢音 (kan'on, literally Han sound) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): [ka̠]

Affix

() (ka) 

  1. down; below; beneath

Suffix

() (-ka) 

  1. under a situation

References

  1. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
  3. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

(eumhun 아래 하 (arae ha))

  1. (only used in compounds) Hanja form? of (below; bottom; lower; underneath).

Compounds

  • 각하 (閣下, gakha)
  • 낙하 (落下, nakha)
  • 낭하/랑하 (廊下, nangha/rangha)
  • 저하 (低下, jeoha)
  • 전하 (殿下, jeonha)
  • 지하 (地下, jiha)
  • 천하 (天下, cheonha)
  • 폐하 (陛下, pyeha)
  • 하부 (下部, habu)
  • 하수 (下水, hasu)

Okinawan

Etymology

Attested in the 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”) as しちや.[1]

Cognate with mainland Japanese (shita).

Noun

(hiragana しちゃ, romaji shicha)

  1. the below

Derived terms

  • 下着 (しちゃぢ, shichaji, underwear)

References

  1. 1896: 沖縄語典 (Okinawa Goten, “Okinawan Dictionary”). In Japanese. http://kindai.ndl.go.jp/info:ndljp/pid/992016/46

Old Japanese

Etymology 1

From Proto-Japonic *sita.

Noun

(sita) (kana した)

  1. the below
    1. looking down
      • 711712, Kojiki (poem 57)
        ...佐斯夫袁佐斯夫能紀斯賀斯多迩淤斐陀弖流波毘呂由都麻都婆岐...
        ...sasibu wo sasibu no2 ki2 si ga sita ni opi2dateru pabi1ro2 yu tu ma-tubaki1...
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    2. a place
      • 711712, Kojiki (poem 5)
        ..多久夫須麻佐夜具賀斯多爾阿和由岐能和加夜流牟泥遠多久豆怒能斯路岐多陀牟岐...
        ...takubusuma sayagu ga sita ni wakayaru mune wo takuduno1 no2 siro1ki1 tadamuki...
        (please add an English translation of this usage example)
    Antonym: (upe2)
Derived terms
  • 下問ひ, 下訪ひ (sitado1pi1)
  • 下泣き (sitanaki1)
  • 天の下 (ame2no2sita)
Descendants
  • Japanese: (shita)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Japonic *simo.

Noun

(simo1 → simo) (kana しも)

  1. the lower part
    Antonym: (kami1)
Descendants
  • Japanese: (shimo)

Vietnamese

Han character

: Hán Việt readings: hạ[1][2][3]
: Nôm readings: hạ[1][2][3]

  1. chữ Hán form of hạ (to lower; to bring down; to take down).

Compounds

  • 天下 (thiên hạ)

References

  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
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