まみれる

まみれる

Japanese

Alternative spelling
塗れる

Etymology

From older form まみる (mamiru)[1][2][3]. First cited to a text from the mid 900s CE[1].

Development

Natural progression from Old and Classical Japanese 下二段活用 (shimo nidan katsuyō, “lower bigrade conjugation”) verbs ending in -u to modern Japanese 下一段活用 (shimo ichidan katsuyō, “lower monograde conjugation”) verbs ending in -eru.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) まみれ​る [màmíréꜜrù] (Nakadaka – [3])[2]
• IPA^(key): [ma̠mʲiɾe̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]

Verb

まみれる • (mamireru) intransitive ichidan (stem まみれ (mamire), past まみれた (mamireta))

1. [from mid 900s] to be smeared (with blood, sweat, etc.), to be covered in something dirty, to be daubed with something dirty

   血(ち)に塗(まみ)れる

   chi ni mamireru

   to be smeared with blood

2. [from circa 1100] to be completely defeated and broken in spirit

Conjugation

Conjugation of "まみれる" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)

Stem forms
Imperfective (未然形)	まみれ	mamire
Continuative (連用形)	まみれ	mamire
Terminal (終止形)	まみれる	mamireru
Attributive (連体形)	まみれる	mamireru
Hypothetical (仮定形)	まみれれ	mamirere
Imperative (命令形)	まみれよ¹ まみれろ²	mamireyo¹ mamirero²
Key constructions
Passive	まみれられる	mamirerareru
Causative	まみれさせる まみれさす	mamiresaseru mamiresasu
Potential	まみれられる まみれれる³	mamirerareru mamirereru³
Volitional	まみれよう	mamireyō
Negative	まみれない まみれぬ まみれん	mamirenai mamirenu mamiren
Negative continuative	まみれず	mamirezu
Formal	まみれます	mamiremasu
Perfective	まみれた	mamireta
Conjunctive	まみれて	mamirete
Hypothetical conditional	まみれれば	mamirereba
¹ Written imperative ² Spoken imperative ³ Colloquial potential

Idioms

• 一(いっ)敗(ぱい)地(ち)に塗(まみ)れる (ippai chi ni mamireru): “one loss, smeared in dirt” → “to be completely defeated in one go”

Related terms

• まびれる (mabireru)
• まぶれる (mabureru)

References

1. 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
2. 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
3. 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN