おる
Japanese
Etymology 1
Alternative spelling |
---|
居る |
/woru/ → /oru/
From Old Japanese. First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE[1] in the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) with the phonetic man'yōgana spelling of 袁理 (⟨ori⟩). Also attested in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE.[2]
Listed in some sources[3][4] as derived from the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “continuative or stem form”) wi of verb wiru (modern いる (iru)) + ある (aru). The conjugation paradigm for woru is indeed the same as aru for Classical and Old Japanese. However, the resulting compounded *wiaru form would ordinarily become yaru or (w)eru via historical phonetic change, and the vowel shift to /o/ is unexplainable in this hypothesis.
Pronunciation
- (Tokyo) おる [óꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])[4][5]
- (Mishima) おる [óꜜrù] (Atamadaka – [1])[6]
- IPA(key): [o̞ɾɯ̟ᵝ]
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "居る"
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) | 居る | おる | [óꜜrù] |
Imperative (命令形) | 居れ | おれ | [óꜜrè] |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | 居られる | おられる | [òráréꜜrù] |
Causative | 居らせる | おらせる | [òráséꜜrù] |
Potential | 居れる | おれる | [òréꜜrù] |
Volitional | 居ろう | おろー | [òróꜜò] |
Negative | 居らない | おらない | [òráꜜnàì] |
Negative perfective | 居らなかった | おらなかった | [òráꜜnàkàttà] |
Formal | 居ります | おります | [òrímáꜜsù] |
Perfective | 居った | おった | [óꜜttà] |
Conjunctive | 居って | おって | [óꜜttè] |
Hypothetical conditional | 居れば | おれば | [óꜜrèbà] |
Verb
おる • (oru) ←をる (woru)? intransitive godan (stem おり (ori), past おった (otta))
- (of animate objects) to exist, to be, to have
- むかしあるところに一人の欲ばりの坊さんがおりました。
- Mukashi aru tokoro ni hitori no yokubari no bōsan ga orimashita.
- Once upon a time, there was a greedy priest somewhere.
- むかしあるところに一人の欲ばりの坊さんがおりました。
- (after a verb in the て conjunctive form) to be (doing): indicates a progressive or continuous sense; the verb ending -ておる (-te oru) is often contracted to とる (-toru)
- ぼくは眼をほそめて海を見ておった
- Boku wa me o hosomete umi o miteotta
- I was staring at the sea with a squinted eye
- ぼくは眼をほそめて海を見ておった
- (Chūgoku, Shikoku, Kyūshū, after a verb in the conjunctive form) to be (doing); a continuous sense; often transformed to よる (yoru)
- 毎朝、私、観音様にお願を掛けよるんじゃものきっと通るわ。
- Maiasa, watashi, Kannon-sama ni o-gan o kakeyoru n ja mono kitto tōru wa.
- Since I am making a wish to Kannon every morning, he will certainly pass his exams.
- 毎朝、私、観音様にお願を掛けよるんじゃものきっと通るわ。
Usage notes
- A variation of いる (iru) used mainly in western Japan.
- In standard Japanese, it is usually used in humble language (謙譲語) or polite language (丁寧語) as おります form or in certain archaic/literary expressions.
Conjugation
Stem forms | |||
---|---|---|---|
Imperfective (未然形) | おら | ora | |
Continuative (連用形) | おり | ori | |
Terminal (終止形) | おる | oru | |
Attributive (連体形) | おる | oru | |
Hypothetical (仮定形) | おれ | ore | |
Imperative (命令形) | おれ | ore | |
Key constructions | |||
Passive | おられる | orareru | |
Causative | おらせる おらす | oraseru orasu | |
Potential | おれる | oreru | |
Volitional | おろう | orō | |
Negative | おらない | oranai | |
Negative continuative | おらず | orazu | |
Formal | おります | orimasu | |
Perfective | おった | otta | |
Conjunctive | おって | otte | |
Hypothetical conditional | おれば | oreba |
Stem forms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Irrealis (未然形) | をら | wora | ||
Continuative (連用形) | をり | wori | ||
Terminal (終止形) | をり | wori | ||
Attributive (連体形) | をる | woru | ||
Realis (已然形) | をれ | wore | ||
Imperative (命令形) | をれ | wore | ||
Key constructions | ||||
Negative | をらず | worazu | ||
Contrasting conjunction | をれど | woredo | ||
Causal conjunction | をれば | woreba | ||
Conditional conjunction | をらば | woraba | ||
Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | をりき | woriki | ||
Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | をりけり | worikeri | ||
Perfect tense (conscious action) | をりつ | woritu | ||
Perfect tense (natural event) | をりぬ | worinu | ||
Perfect-continuative tense | をりたり[1] | woritari | ||
Volitional | をらむ | woramu | ||
[1]Often proscribed due to a redundancy of having 2 あり. |
Etymology 2
For pronunciation and definitions of おる – see the following entries. | ||||
| ||||
(This term, おる, is an alternative spelling of the above terms.) |
(The following entries are uncreated: 下る, 愚る.)
References
- “居”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, →ISBN
- c. 759, Man'yōshū (book 5, poem 886), text here
- 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- Uwano, Zendo (2002-10-31), “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim], ISSN 1346-082X