—
See also: Appendix:Variations of "-"
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Translingual
Alternative forms
- - (improper typesetting)
- --, --- (informal)
Punctuation mark
— (English name em dash) (Alt + 0151)
- Demarcates parenthetical thought. See — —.
- Indicates a logical consequence. See also : (“the colon”).
- 1962, Jack Frohlichstein, Mathematical Fun, Games and Puzzles (in English), Courier Corporation, →ISBN, page 9:
- Bet anyone he can't correctly name the next highest number to every number which you will give him. […]
- 43 — he will say 44
- 87 — he will say 88
- 123 — he will say 124
-
- Indicates aposiopesis, an abrupt breaking-off in speech. See also … (“the ellipsis”).
- Separates a term from its definition.
- 2011, Adam Rizvi, Click Start to Begin: Windows XP Basics (in English), Click Start Publishing Ltd., →ISBN, page 22:
- Refresh — This will refresh the current folder, updating it with any new files or settings.
-
- Indicates a lack of data in a table.[1]
- Alternative form of ― (“horizontal bar; quotation dash; introduces a line of dialogue”)
- Used to censor letters in obscene words.
- D—n. [Damn] F—k. [Fuck]
- (dated, fiction) Used to replace part or all of a person's name, a place name, a date, or so forth. [chiefly 19th century]
- 1748, a Lady, in a Letter to her Friend in the Country, A Free Comment on the Late Mr. W—g—n’s Apology for His Conduct; Which Clears Up the Obscurities of That Celebrated Posthumous Work, and Dissipates the Clouds in Which the Author Has Thought Proper to Envelope His Meaning (in English), London: […] W. Webb, page 15:
- I hope D—ds—y will look to theſe literal Errors, he being the only one of the Trade I can venture to truſt.
- 1813 January 27, [Jane Austen], chapter VIII, in Pride and Prejudice, volume III (in English), London: […] [George Sidney] for T[homas] Egerton […], OCLC 38659585, page 152:
- It is Mr. Wickham’s intention to go into the regulars […] He has the promise of an ensigncy in General ———’s regiment, now quartered in the North.
- 1961 November 10, Joseph Heller, “Major Major Major Major”, in Catch-22 […] (in English), New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, OCLC 1023879857, page 90:
- He was often tempted to join Major —— de Coverley, but pitching horseshoes all day long seemed almost as dull as signing 'Major Major Major' to official documents, and Major —— de Coverley's countenance was so forbidding that Major Major was in awe of approaching him.
-
Quotations
For quotations using this term, see Citations:—.
Derived terms
- — —
Derived terms
- ⸺ (two-em dash)
- ⸻ (three-em dash)
See also
quotation marks and quotation dashes in all languages (edit)
- Afrikaans: “ ”, ‘ ’, „ ”, ‚ ’
- Albanian: „ “, ‘ ’
- Arabic: « », “ ”
- Armenian: « »
- Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: « », “ ”
- Azerbaijani: « », ‹ ›, “ ”, " ", ‘ ’, ' '
- Basque: « », ‹ ›, “ ”, ‘ ’
- Belarusian: « », “ ”
- Bulgarian: „ “, ’ ’, ‘ ’, « », ’ ’, ‘ ’, —
- Catalan: « », “ ”, ‘ ’
- Chinese: “ ”, ‘ ’, 「 」, 『 』
- Czech: „ “, ‚ ‘, » «, › ‹
- Danish: » «, „ “, › ‹, ‚ ’, ” ”, ’ ’
- Dutch: ‘ ’, “ ”, ‚ ’, „ ”
- English U.K.: ' ', " ", ‘ ’, “ ”
- English U.S.: " ", ' ', “ ”, ‘ ’
- Esperanto: “ ”, ‘ ’, —
- Estonian: „ “, « »
- Filipino: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Finnish: ” ”, ’ ’, » »
- French: « », ‹ ›, “ ”, —
- Georgian: „ “, ‚ ‘, » «, › ‹
- German: „ “, ‚ ‘ ; » «, › ‹ ; regional: « », ‹ ›
- Greek: « », “ ”, —
- Hungarian: „ ”, » «, —
- Icelandic: „ “, ‚ ‘
- Indonesian: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Interlingua: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Irish: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Italian: « », ‹ ›, ‟ ”, ‛ ’
- Japanese: 「 」, 『 』, 〝 〟, 〝 〞
- Korean: “ ”, ‘ ’, 『 』, 「 」
- Latvian: « », „ “
- Lithuanian: « », „ “
- Lower Sorbian: „ “, ‚ ‘
- Macedonian: „ “, ’ ‘
- Northern Kurdish: « »
- Norwegian: « », „ “, ‘ ’, ‚ ‘
- Persian: « »
- Polish: „ ”, « », » «, —
- Portuguese: “ ”, ‘ ’, « », —
- Romanian: „ ”, « », —
- Russian: « », „ “, „ ”, —
- Serbo-Croatian: „ ”, ” ”, ‘ ’, ’ ’, „ “, » «
- Slovak: „ “, ‚ ‘, » «, › ‹
- Slovene: „ “, ‚ ‘, » «, › ‹
- Spanish: « », “ ”, ‘ ’, —
- Swedish: ” ”, ’ ’, » », » «, —
- Thai: “ ”, ‘ ’
- Turkish: “ ”, ‘ ’, « », › ‹, —
- Ukrainian: « », „ ”, ‚ ‘
- Vietnamese: “ ”, —
- Welsh: ‘ ’, “ ”
quotation marks - all matched-pairs
- Curved double quotation marks: “ ”, ” ”, „ ”, „ “, ‟ ”
- Curved single quotation marks: ‘ ’, ’ ’, ‚ ’, ‚ ‘, ’ ‘, ‛ ’
- Straight double quotation marks: " "
- Straight single quotation marks: ' '
- Guillemets: « », » «, » »
- Single guillemets: ‹ ›, › ‹
- Corner brackets: 「 」, 『 』
- Prime quotation marks: 〝 〟, 〝 〞
quotation marks and quotation dashes - all single characters
- Curved double quotation marks: “, ”, „, ‟
- Curved single quotation marks and apostrophes: ‘, ’, ‚, ‛
- Straight double quotation mark: "
- Straight single quotation mark and apostrophe: '
- Prime quotation marks: 〝, 〞, 〟
- Guillemets: «, »
- Single guillemets: ‹, ›
- Corner brackets: 「, 」, 『, 』
- Quotation dashes: — (em dash), ― (horizontal bar), – (en dash)
Punctuation
- apostrophe ( ' ) ( ’ )
- curly brackets or braces (US) ( { } )
- square brackets or brackets (US) ( [ ] )
- colon ( : )
- comma ( , )
- dashes ( ‒ ) ( – ) ( — ) ( ― )
- ellipsis ( … )
- exclamation mark ( ! )
- fraction slash ( ⁄ )
- guillemets ( « » ) ( ‹ › )
- hyphen ( - ) ( ‐ )
- interpunct ( · )
- interrobang (rare) ( ‽ )
- brackets or parentheses (US, Canada) ( ( ) )
- full stop or period (US, Canada) ( . )
- question mark ( ? )
- quotation marks (formal) ( ‘ ’ ‚ ) ( “ ” „ )
- quotation marks (informal, computing) ( " ) ( ' )
- semicolon ( ; )
- slash or stroke (UK) ( / )
- space ( )
References
- Joan G. Nagle, Handbook for preparing engineering documents: from concept to completion, 1995, p. 114:
We can use the word none or N/D (no data), or insert an em dash; any of these entries show that we haven't simply forgotten to fill the cell. N/A is commonly used for not applicable. It's good practice to footnote N/A or N/D the first time it is used.
English
—
- (stenoscript) the letter sequence ⟨th⟩
- (see: —t that, —r their/there, —z these, —a they, —s this, —oz those)
- (stenoscript) Abbreviation of the.
- (stenoscript) the sound sequences /(V)nd/, /(V)nt/
- (stenoscript) the suffixes or sequences mand, mend, mond, -ment
- (e.g. ⟨a— —⟩ amendment)
Usage notes
- (stenoscript) The dash may be written low, along the baseline, or high, at x-height, as convenient for whichever letters it links to. For example, with mo—n for 'more than', the dash is likely to be written at x-height.
- (stenoscript) When used as punctuation, an en or em dash is doubled, like a long ⹀, to distinguish it from its phonetic use.
Russian
Punctuation mark
—
- Indicates zero (omission) of the present tense of быть (bytʹ). Called тире́ (tirɛ́) in Russian.
- Вре́мя — де́ньги.
- Vrémja — dénʹgi.
- Time is money.
- Used in — —.
- Replaces ‐ in some appositions, where hyphen would be used to connect the appositive word and the word in apposition if neither of them were a phrase.
- Не́которые госуда́рства — чле́ны ЕС препя́тствуют размеще́нию бе́женцев на свое́й террито́рии.
- Nékotoryje gosudárstva — člény JeS prepjátstvujut razmeščéniju béžencev na svojéj territórii.
- Some EU member states prevent placement of refugees on their territory.
Usage notes
- — is not used when the subject is a pronoun; e.g. я ру́сский (ja rússkij, “I am Russian”) or with predicative adjectives.
- — — are preferred over ( ) when the supplemental information is necessary to understand author's point and can't be dropped.
- A dash or a hyphen is used in Russian apposition when the first word (or first words) is not a form of address (e.g. товарищ (tovarišč)) and the second word is an appellative.