ὕδωρ
See also: ύδωρ
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
- οὕδωρ (hoúdōr) – Boeotian
Etymology
From Proto-Hellenic *údōr, from Proto-Indo-European *wódr̥ (genitive *wednós (“of water”)), with ω (ō) from the plural), from the root *wed- (whence also ὕω (húō, “to water, to let rain, to rain”)). Cognates include Latin unda, Sanskrit उदन् (udán), Hittite 𒉿𒀀𒋻 (wa-a-tar /wātar/), Old Armenian գետ (get, “river”), Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (watō), Old Church Slavonic вода (voda), Old English wæter (English water), and Albanian ujë.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /hý.dɔːr/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈ(h)y.dor/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈy.ðor/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈy.ðor/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈi.ðor/
Noun
ῠ̔́δωρ • (húdōr) n (genitive ῠ̔́δᾰτος); third declension
- water
- rainwater, rain
- sweat
- time (from the waterclocks of Greek legal systems)
Usage notes
The first upsilon is sometimes lengthened in poetry for the sake of meter:
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 1.110:
- οἱ μὲν ἄρ’ οἶνον ἔμισγον ἐνὶ κρητῆρσι καὶ ῡ̔́δωρ,
- hoi mèn ár’ oînon émisgon enì krētêrsi kaì hū́dōr,
- some were mixing wine and water in mixing bowls,
- οἱ μὲν ἄρ’ οἶνον ἔμισγον ἐνὶ κρητῆρσι καὶ ῡ̔́δωρ,
- 800 BCE – 600 BCE, Homer, Odyssey 4.216:
- ὣς ἔφατ’, Ἀσφαλίων δ’ ἄρ ῠ̔́δωρ ἐπὶ χεῖρας ἔχευεν,
- hṑs éphat’, Asphalíōn d’ ár húdōr epì kheîras ékheuen,
- So [Menelaus] said, and Asphalion poured water on their hands,
- ὣς ἔφατ’, Ἀσφαλίων δ’ ἄρ ῠ̔́δωρ ἐπὶ χεῖρας ἔχευεν,
Inflection
Third declension of τὸ ῠ̔́δωρ; τοῦ ῠ̔́δᾰτος (Attic)
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | τὸ ῠ̔́δωρ tò húdōr | τὼ ῠ̔́δᾰτε tṑ húdate | τᾰ̀ ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ tà húdata | ||||||||||
Genitive | τοῦ ῠ̔́δᾰτος toû húdatos | τοῖν ῠ̔δᾰ́τοιν toîn hudátoin | τῶν ῠ̔δᾰ́των tôn hudátōn | ||||||||||
Dative | τῷ ῠ̔́δᾰτῐ tôi húdati | τοῖν ῠ̔δᾰ́τοιν toîn hudátoin | τοῖς ῠ̔́δᾰσῐ / ῠ̔́δᾰσῐν toîs húdasi(n) | ||||||||||
Accusative | τὸ ῠ̔́δωρ tò húdōr | τὼ ῠ̔́δᾰτε tṑ húdate | τᾰ̀ ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ tà húdata | ||||||||||
Vocative | ῠ̔́δωρ húdōr | ῠ̔́δᾰτε húdate | ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ húdata | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Third declension of ῠ̔́δωρ; ῠ̔́δᾰτος (Epic)
Case / # | Singular | Dual | Plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | ῠ̔́δωρ húdōr | ῠ̔́δᾰτε húdate | ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ húdata | ||||||||||
Genitive | ῠ̔́δᾰτος húdatos | ῠ̔δᾰ́τοιῐν hudátoiin | ῠ̔δᾰ́των hudátōn | ||||||||||
Dative | ῠ̔́δᾰτῐ húdati | ῠ̔δᾰ́τοιῐν hudátoiin | ῠ̔́δᾰσῐ / ῠ̔́δᾰσῐν / ῠ̔δᾰ́τεσσῐ / ῠ̔δᾰ́τεσσῐν / ῠ̔δᾰ́τεσῐ / ῠ̔δᾰ́τεσῐν húdasi(n) / hudátessi(n) / hudátesi(n) | ||||||||||
Accusative | ῠ̔́δωρ húdōr | ῠ̔́δᾰτε húdate | ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ húdata | ||||||||||
Vocative | ῠ̔́δωρ húdōr | ῠ̔́δᾰτε húdate | ῠ̔́δᾰτᾰ húdata | ||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms
- κλεψύδρα (klepsúdra)
- ὑδάτινος (hudátinos)
- ὑδάτιον (hudátion)
- ὑδατολογία (hudatología)
- ὕδρα (húdra)
- ὑδράργυρος (hudrárguros)
- ὑδρατμός (hudratmós)
- ὑδραυλικός (hudraulikós)
- ὕδραυλος (húdraulos)
- ὑδρηλός (hudrēlós)
- ὑδρο- (hudro-)
- ὑδρογόνον (hudrogónon)
- ὑδρογραφία (hudrographía)
- ὑδροκήλη (hudrokḗlē)
- ὑδρολογία (hudrología)
- ὑδρομᾰντείᾱ (hudromanteíā)
- ὑδροσέλῑνον (hudrosélīnon)
- ὑδροφοβία (hudrophobía)
- ὑδροφῠ́λᾰξ (hudrophúlax)
- ὑδροχόη (hudrokhóē)
- ὑδροχόος (hudrokhóos)
Related terms
- ὕω (húō)
Descendants
- Greek: ύδωρ (ýdor), υδρο- (ydro-), υδρό- (ydró-), υδρ- (ydr-)
- Tsakonian: ύο (ýo)
- → English: hydro-
- → French: hydro-
References
- “ὕδωρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ὕδωρ”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- ὕδωρ in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- ὕδωρ in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “ὕδωρ”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G5204 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- fall idem, page 303.
- rain idem, page 669.
- shower idem, page 770.
- slosh idem, page 785.
- water idem, page 967.