ὅστις
Ancient Greek
Etymology
From ὅς (hós, “who, which”, relative pronoun) + τῐς (tis, “someone, anyone”, indefinite pronoun).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /hós.tis/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈ(h)os.tis/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈos.tis/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈos.tis/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈos.tis/
Pronoun
ὅστῐς • (hóstis)
- indefinite relative pronoun: whoever, whichever; anyone who, anything which; someone who, something which
- indirect interrogative pronoun corresponding to direct interrogative τίς (tís), τί (tí): who, what, which
- replaces τίς (tís), τί (tí) when someone repeats a question asked by another person
- 405 BCE, Aristophanes, The Frogs 197–198:
- Χάρων […] οὗτος τί ποιεῖς;
Διόνυσος ὅ τι ποιῶ;- Khárōn […] hoûtos tí poieîs?
Diónusos hó ti poiô? - Charon: This man, what are you doing?
Dionysus: What am I doing?
- Khárōn […] hoûtos tí poieîs?
- Χάρων […] οὗτος τί ποιεῖς;
- replaces τίς (tís), τί (tí) when someone repeats a question asked by another person
Inflection
Declined forms (Attic)
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ὅστῐς hóstis | ἥτῐς hḗtis | ὅτῐ hóti | ὥτῐνε hṓtine | ὥτῐνε hṓtine | ὥτῐνε hṓtine | οἵτῐνες hoítines | αἵτῐνες haítines | ᾰ̔́τῐνᾰ / ᾰ̔́ττᾰ hátina / hátta | |||||
Genitive | οὗτῐνος / ὅτου hoûtinos / hótou | ἧστῐνος hêstinos | οὗτῐνος / ὅτου hoûtinos / hótou | οἷντῐνοιν hoîntinoin | οἷντῐνοιν hoîntinoin | οἷντῐνοιν hoîntinoin | ὧντῐνων / ὅτων hôntinōn / hótōn | ὧντῐνων hôntinōn | ὧντῐνων / ὅτων hôntinōn / hótōn | |||||
Dative | ᾧτῐνῐ / ὅτῳ hôitini / hótōi | ᾗτῐνῐ hêitini | ᾧτῐνῐ / ὅτῳ hôitini / hótōi | οἷντῐνοιν hoîntinoin | οἷντῐνοιν hoîntinoin | οἷντῐνοιν hoîntinoin | οἷστῐσῐ / οἷστῐσῐν / ὅτοις hoîstisi(n) / hótois | αἷστῐσῐ / αἷστῐσῐν haîstisi(n) | οἷστῐσῐ / οἷστῐσῐν / ὅτοις hoîstisi(n) / hótois | |||||
Accusative | ὅντῐνᾰ hóntina | ἥντῐνᾰ hḗntina | ὅτῐ hóti | ὥτῐνε hṓtine | ὥτῐνε hṓtine | ὥτῐνε hṓtine | οὕστῐνᾰς hoústinas | ᾱ̔́στῐνᾰς hā́stinas | ᾰ̔́τῐνᾰ / ᾰ̔́ττᾰ hátina / hátta | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Notes: |
|
Declined forms (Epic)
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ὅστῐς / ὅτῐς hóstis / hótis | ἥτις hḗtis | ὅ τῐ / ὅ ττῐ hó ti / hó tti | ὥτῐνε hṓtine | ὥτῐνε hṓtine | ὥτῐνε hṓtine | οἵτῐνες hoítines | αἵτῐνες haítines | ᾰ̔́σσᾰ hássa | |||||
Genitive | ὅττεο / ὅττευ / ὅτευ hótteo / hótteu / hóteu | ἧστῐνος hêstinos | ὅττεο / ὅττευ / ὅτευ hótteo / hótteu / hóteu | οἷντῐνοιν hoîntinoin | οἷντῐνοιν hoîntinoin | οἷντῐνοιν hoîntinoin | ὅτων hótōn | ὅτων hótōn | ὅτων hótōn | |||||
Dative | ὅτεῳ / ὅτῳ hóteōi / hótōi | ᾗτῐνῐ hêitini | ὅτεῳ / ὅτῳ hóteōi / hótōi | οἷντῐνοιν hoîntinoin | οἷντῐνοιν hoîntinoin | οἷντῐνοιν hoîntinoin | ὁτέοισῐ hotéoisi | αἷστῐσῐ / αἷστῐσῐν haîstisi(n) | ὁτέοισῐ hotéoisi | |||||
Accusative | ὅντῐνᾰ / ὅτῐνᾰ hóntina / hótina | ἥντῐνᾰ hḗntina | ὅ τῐ / ὅ ττῐ hó ti / hó tti | ὥτῐνε hṓtine | ὥτῐνε hṓtine | ὥτῐνε hṓtine | ὅτῐνᾰς hótinas | ᾱ̔́στῐνᾰς hā́stinas | ᾰ̔́σσᾰ hássa | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Notes: |
|
See also
Ancient Greek correlatives (edit)
type | interrogative | indefinite | (medial) demonstrative | proximal demonstrative | distal demonstrative | relative | indefinite relative | identity | other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
basic | τίς | τις, ἔνιοι | †ὁ, οὗτος | ὅδε | ἐκεῖνος | ὅς | ὅστις | ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός | ἕτερος, ἄλλος |
dual | πότερος | πότερος, ποτερός | ὁπότερος | ||||||
quality | ποῖος | ποιός | †τοῖος, τοιοῦτος | τοιόσδε | οἷος | ὁποῖος | ὅμοιος | ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος | |
quantity | πόσος | ποσός | †τόσος, τοσοῦτος | τοσόσδε | ὅσος | ὁπόσος | |||
manner | πῶς | πως | †τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως | ὧδε | ὡς | ὅπως | ὁμῶς | ἑτέρως, ἄλλως | |
method, path, place | πῇ | πῃ | τῇ, ταύτῃ | τῇδε | ἐκείνῃ | ᾗ | ὅπῃ | ἄλλῃ | |
place | ποῦ, †πόθι | που, †ποθι | ἐνταῦθα | ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι | οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι | ὅπου, †ὁπόθι | αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ | ἄλλοθι | |
source | πόθεν | ποθεν | †τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν | ἐνθένδε | ἐκεῖθεν | ὅθεν | ὁπόθεν | †ὁμόθεν | ἄλλοθεν |
destination | ποῖ, †πόσε | ποι | ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα | ἐνθάδε | ἐκεῖσε | οἷ | ὅποι, †ὁπόσε | αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε | ἄλλοσε |
time | πότε, πῆμος | ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε | τότε, τῆμος | τημόσδε | ὅτε, ἦμος | ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος | ἅμα | ἄλλοτε | |
exact time | πηνίκα | †τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα | τηνικάδε | ἡνίκα | ὁπηνίκα | αὐτίκα | |||
duration of time | τέως | ἕως | |||||||
size, age | πηλίκος | πηλίκος | †τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος | τηλικόσδε | ἡλίκος | ὁπηλίκος | ὁμῆλιξ | ||
repetition | ποσάκις, ποσίνδα | ποσάκις | τουτάκις, τοσάκις | †ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις | ὁποσάκις | ||||
multiplication | ποσαπλάσιος | ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων | |||||||
order | πόστος | ποστός | ὁπόστος | ||||||
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions. |
Further reading
- “ὅστις”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ὅστις”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ὅστις”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- “ὅστις”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G3748 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- adopted idem, page 13.
- else idem, page 265.
- which idem, page 976.
- whichever, whichsoever idem, page 976.
- who idem, page 977.
- whoever idem, page 977.
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920), “Part II: Inflection”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 339