ὅς
See also: -ος
Ancient Greek
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /hós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /(h)os/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /os/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /os/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /os/
Etymology 1
PIE word |
---|
*yós |
From Proto-Hellenic *yós, from Proto-Indo-European *yós, *yéh₂, *yód (“who, which”), from the relative stem *yo-, from the anaphoric stem *i-, *ey-.
Cognates include Sanskrit यद् (yás, yā, yad), Avestan 𐬫𐬋 (yō), and Phrygian ιος (ios /jos/). See also οἷος (hoîos), ὅσος (hósos).
Pronoun
ὅς • (hós) m, ἥ f (hḗ), ὅ n (hó)
- (in Homeric Greek, often demonstrative pronoun) this
- (relative) who, which, that
Inflection
First and second declension of ὅς, ἥ, ὅ
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ὅς hós | ἥ hḗ | ὅ hó | ὥ hṓ | ᾱ̔́ hā́ | ὥ hṓ | οἵ hoí | αἵ haí | ᾰ̔́ há | |||||
Genitive | οὗ hoû | ἧς hês | οὗ hoû | οἷν hoîn | αἷν haîn | οἷν hoîn | ὧν hôn | ὧν hôn | ὧν hôn | |||||
Dative | ᾧ hôi | ᾗ hêi | ᾧ hôi | οἷν hoîn | αἷν haîn | οἷν hoîn | οἷς / οἷσι / οἷσιν hoîs / hoîsi(n) | αἷς haîs | οἷς / οἷσι / οἷσιν hoîs / hoîsi(n) | |||||
Accusative | ὅν hón | ἥν hḗn | ὅ hó | ὥ hṓ | ᾱ̔́ hā́ | ὥ hṓ | οὕς hoús | ᾱ̔́ς hā́s | ᾰ̔́ há | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Notes: |
|
First and second declension of ὅς, ἥ, ὅ (Epic)
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ὅς hós | ἥ hḗ | ὅ hó | ὥ hṓ | ᾱ̔́ hā́ | ὥ hṓ | οἵ hoí | αἵ haí | ᾰ̔́ há | |||||
Genitive | ὅου hóou | ἕης héēs | ὅου hóou | οἷν hoîn | αἷν haîn | οἷν hoîn | ὧν hôn | ὧν hôn | ὧν hôn | |||||
Dative | ᾧ hôi | ᾗ hêi | ᾧ hôi | οἷν hoîn | αἷν haîn | οἷν hoîn | οἷς / οἷσι / οἷσιν hoîs / hoîsi(n) | ᾗς / ᾗσι / ᾗσιν hêis / hêisi(n) | οἷς / οἷσι / οἷσιν hoîs / hoîsi(n) | |||||
Accusative | ὅν hón | ἥν hḗn | ὅ hó | ὥ hṓ | ᾱ̔́ hā́ | ὥ hṓ | οὕς hoús | ᾱ̔́ς hā́s | ᾰ̔́ há | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms
- οἷος (hoîos)
- ὅτε (hóte)
- ὡς (hōs)
See also
Ancient Greek correlatives (edit)
type | interrogative | indefinite | (medial) demonstrative | proximal demonstrative | distal demonstrative | relative | indefinite relative | identity | other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
basic | τίς | τις, ἔνιοι | †ὁ, οὗτος | ὅδε | ἐκεῖνος | ὅς | ὅστις | ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός | ἕτερος, ἄλλος |
dual | πότερος | πότερος, ποτερός | ὁπότερος | ||||||
quality | ποῖος | ποιός | †τοῖος, τοιοῦτος | τοιόσδε | οἷος | ὁποῖος | ὅμοιος | ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος | |
quantity | πόσος | ποσός | †τόσος, τοσοῦτος | τοσόσδε | ὅσος | ὁπόσος | |||
manner | πῶς | πως | †τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως | ὧδε | ὡς | ὅπως | ὁμῶς | ἑτέρως, ἄλλως | |
method, path, place | πῇ | πῃ | τῇ, ταύτῃ | τῇδε | ἐκείνῃ | ᾗ | ὅπῃ | ἄλλῃ | |
place | ποῦ, †πόθι | που, †ποθι | ἐνταῦθα | ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι | οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι | ὅπου, †ὁπόθι | αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ | ἄλλοθι | |
source | πόθεν | ποθεν | †τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν | ἐνθένδε | ἐκεῖθεν | ὅθεν | ὁπόθεν | †ὁμόθεν | ἄλλοθεν |
destination | ποῖ, †πόσε | ποι | ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα | ἐνθάδε | ἐκεῖσε | οἷ | ὅποι, †ὁπόσε | αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε | ἄλλοσε |
time | πότε, πῆμος | ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε | τότε, τῆμος | τημόσδε | ὅτε, ἦμος | ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος | ἅμα | ἄλλοτε | |
exact time | πηνίκα | †τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα | τηνικάδε | ἡνίκα | ὁπηνίκα | αὐτίκα | |||
duration of time | τέως | ἕως | |||||||
size, age | πηλίκος | πηλίκος | †τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος | τηλικόσδε | ἡλίκος | ὁπηλίκος | ὁμῆλιξ | ||
repetition | ποσάκις, ποσίνδα | ποσάκις | τουτάκις, τοσάκις | †ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις | ὁποσάκις | ||||
multiplication | ποσαπλάσιος | ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων | |||||||
order | πόστος | ποστός | ὁπόστος | ||||||
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions. |
References
- “ὅς, ἥ, ὅ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920), “Part II: Inflection”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 338: relative pronoun
- William Bedell Stanford (1959) [1947]. "Introduction, Grammatical Introduction". Homer: Odyssey I-XII 1 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Education Ltd. p. lxiii, § 12.1 12.2.
Etymology 2
PIE word |
---|
*swé |
Like ἕ (hé, “him”), from Proto-Indo-European *swé (reflexive pronoun). Cognate with Sanskrit स्व (svá). See also ἑός (heós).
Alternative forms
- ἑός (heós) – Epic
- ἱός (hiós) – Boeotian
- ϝός (wós) – Laconian, Doric
Determiner
ὅς • (hós) m (feminine ἥ, neuter ὅν); first/second declension (third person singular possessive determiner)
- (with noun) his, her, its
- (as substantive, sometimes with article) his, hers
- (in the plural) his or her people, friends, family; his possessions
Inflection
First and second declension of ὅς, ἥ, ὅ
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ὅς hós | ἥ hḗ | ὅν hón | ὥ hṓ | ᾱ̔́ hā́ | ὥ hṓ | οἵ hoí | αἵ haí | ᾰ̔́ há | |||||
Genitive | οὗ / οἷο hoû / hoîo | ἧς hês | οὗ / οἷο hoû / hoîo | οἷν hoîn | αἷν haîn | οἷν hoîn | ὧν hôn | ὧν hôn | ὧν hôn | |||||
Dative | ᾧ hôi | ᾗ hêi | ᾧ hôi | οἷν hoîn | αἷν haîn | οἷν hoîn | οἷς hoîs | αἷς haîs | οἷς hoîs | |||||
Accusative | ὅν hón | ἥν hḗn | ὅν hón | ὥ hṓ | ᾱ̔́ hā́ | ὥ hṓ | οὕς hoús | ᾱ̔́ς hā́s | ᾰ̔́ há | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Notes: |
|
Further reading
- “ὅς, ἥ, ὅν”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- William Bedell Stanford (1959) [1947]. "Introduction, Grammatical Introduction". Homer: Odyssey I-XII 1 (2nd ed.). Macmillan Education Ltd. p. lxiii, § 12.1.
- Sihler, Andrew L. (1995) New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, →ISBN