ὁ
See also: ὅ, ο, Ο, ó, -ο, -Ο, ó-, and -ό
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Ancient Greek
Etymology
From Proto-Hellenic *ho *hā *tó, from Proto-Indo-European *só *séh₂ *tód. There are many cognates, including Sanskrit स (sá), सा (sā́) तद् (tád), Old Church Slavonic тъ (tŭ), та (ta), то (to), and Old English sē, sēo, þæt (English the, that).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ho/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /(h)o/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /o/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /o/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /o/
Audio (Classical Attic): ὁ, ἡ, τό (file)
Article
ὁ • (ho) m, ἡ f (hē), τό n (tó)
- (rarely in Epic, often in later Greek) the
Usage notes
- The article undergoes crasis with nouns and adjectives that start with a vowel:
- τὸ ὄνομα → τοὔνομα "the name"
- τὰ ἐμά → τᾱ̓μά "my (affairs)"
- τὸ ἐναντίον → τοὐναντίον "on the contrary"
- τὸ αὐτό → ταὐτό "the same"
Pronoun
ὁ • (ho) m, ἡ f (hē), τό n (tó)
- (Epic, demonstrative) that
- (Epic, third person personal pronoun) he, she, it, they
- (relative, Epic, Ionic, poetic Attic) who, which, that
Inflection
First and second declension of ὁ, ἡ, τό (Attic, Koine)
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ὁ ho | ἡ hē | τό tó | τώ tṓ | τώ tṓ | τώ tṓ | οἱ hoi | αἱ hai | τᾰ́ tá | |||||
Genitive | τοῦ toû | τῆς tês | τοῦ toû | τοῖν toîn | τοῖν toîn | τοῖν toîn | τῶν tôn | τῶν tôn | τῶν tôn | |||||
Dative | τῷ tôi | τῇ têi | τῷ tôi | τοῖν toîn | τοῖν toîn | τοῖν toîn | τοῖς toîs | ταῖς taîs | τοῖς toîs | |||||
Accusative | τόν tón | τήν tḗn | τό tó | τώ tṓ | τώ tṓ | τώ tṓ | τούς toús | τᾱ́ς tā́s | τᾰ́ tá | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Notes: |
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First and second declension of ὁ, ἡ, τό (Epic)
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ὁ ho | ἡ hē | τό tó | τώ tṓ | τώ / τᾱ́ tṓ / tā́ | τώ tṓ | οἱ / τοί hoi / toí | αἱ / ταί hai / taí | τᾰ́ tá | |||||
Genitive | τοῦ / τοῖο toû / toîo | τῆς tês | τοῦ / τοῖο toû / toîo | τοῖιν toîin | τοῖιν toîin | τοῖιν toîin | τῶν tôn | τῶν / τᾱ́ων tôn / tā́ōn | τῶν tôn | |||||
Dative | τῷ tôi | τῇ têi | τῷ tôi | τοῖιν toîin | τοῖιν toîin | τοῖιν toîin | τοῖς / τοῖσι / τοῖσιν toîs / toîsi(n) | τῇς / τῇσι / τῇσιν têis / têisi(n) | τοῖς / τοῖσι / τοῖσιν toîs / toîsi(n) | |||||
Accusative | τόν tón | τήν tḗn | τό tó | τώ tṓ | τώ / τᾱ́ tṓ / tā́ | τώ tṓ | τούς toús | τᾱ́ς tā́s | τᾰ́ tá | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Notes: |
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First and second declension of ὁ, ἡ, τό (Laconian, Doric)
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ὁ ho | ἁ ha | τό tó | τώ tṓ | τᾱ́ tā́ | τώ tṓ | τοὶ toì | ταὶ taì | τᾰ́ tá | |||||
Genitive | τῶ tô | τᾶς tâs | τῶ tô | τοῖν toîn | ταῖν taîn | τοῖν toîn | τῶν tôn | τᾶν tân | τῶν tôn | |||||
Dative | τῷ tôi | τᾷ tâi | τῷ tôi | τοῖν toîn | ταῖν taîn | τοῖν toîn | τοῖς toîs | ταῖς taîs | τοῖς toîs | |||||
Accusative | τόν tón | τάν tán | τό tó | τώ tṓ | τᾱ́ tā́ | τώ tṓ | τώς tṓs | τᾱ́ς tā́s | τᾰ́ tá | |||||
Vocative | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
Notes: |
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Descendants
- Greek: ο (o)
- Tsakonian: ο (o)
See also
Ancient Greek correlatives (edit)
type | interrogative | indefinite | (medial) demonstrative | proximal demonstrative | distal demonstrative | relative | indefinite relative | identity | other |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
basic | τίς | τις, ἔνιοι | †ὁ, οὗτος | ὅδε | ἐκεῖνος | ὅς | ὅστις | ὁ αὐτός (αὑτός), ὁμός | ἕτερος, ἄλλος |
dual | πότερος | πότερος, ποτερός | ὁπότερος | ||||||
quality | ποῖος | ποιός | †τοῖος, τοιοῦτος | τοιόσδε | οἷος | ὁποῖος | ὅμοιος | ἑτεροῖος, ἀλλοῖος | |
quantity | πόσος | ποσός | †τόσος, τοσοῦτος | τοσόσδε | ὅσος | ὁπόσος | |||
manner | πῶς | πως | †τώς, †ὥς, οὕτως | ὧδε | ὡς | ὅπως | ὁμῶς | ἑτέρως, ἄλλως | |
method, path, place | πῇ | πῃ | τῇ, ταύτῃ | τῇδε | ἐκείνῃ | ᾗ | ὅπῃ | ἄλλῃ | |
place | ποῦ, †πόθι | που, †ποθι | ἐνταῦθα | ἐκεῖ, ἔνθα, †ἐκεῖθι | οὗ, ἔνθα, †ὅθι | ὅπου, †ὁπόθι | αὐτόθι, ὁμοῦ | ἄλλοθι | |
source | πόθεν | ποθεν | †τόθεν, ἔνθεν, ἐντεῦθεν | ἐνθένδε | ἐκεῖθεν | ὅθεν | ὁπόθεν | †ὁμόθεν | ἄλλοθεν |
destination | ποῖ, †πόσε | ποι | ἔνθα, ἐνταῦθα | ἐνθάδε | ἐκεῖσε | οἷ | ὅποι, †ὁπόσε | αὐτόσε, ὁμόσε | ἄλλοσε |
time | πότε, πῆμος | ποτέ, ποτε, τοτέ, ἐνίοτε | τότε, τῆμος | τημόσδε | ὅτε, ἦμος | ὁπότε, †ὁππῆμος | ἅμα | ἄλλοτε | |
exact time | πηνίκα | †τηνίκα, τηνικαῦτα | τηνικάδε | ἡνίκα | ὁπηνίκα | αὐτίκα | |||
duration of time | τέως | ἕως | |||||||
size, age | πηλίκος | πηλίκος | †τηλίκος, τηλικοῦτος | τηλικόσδε | ἡλίκος | ὁπηλίκος | ὁμῆλιξ | ||
repetition | ποσάκις, ποσίνδα | ποσάκις | τουτάκις, τοσάκις | †ὁσάκις ὁποσάκις | ὁποσάκις | ||||
multiplication | ποσαπλάσιος | ὁσαπλάσιος, ὁσαπλασίων | |||||||
order | πόστος | ποστός | ὁπόστος | ||||||
† Forms rarely or never used in Classical Attic prose Relative also used in exclamations; either relative or indefinite relative used in indirect questions. |
References
- “ὁ”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ὁ”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ὁ in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- G3588 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Smyth, Herbert Weir (1920), “Part II: Inflection”, in A Greek grammar for colleges, Cambridge: American Book Company, § 332
- William W. Goodwin, A Greek Grammar. Revised and enlarged, Boston, 1900, p.81f.
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press