ἱερός
See also: ιερός
Ancient Greek
Alternative forms
- ῑ̔ρός (hīrós) – Epic, Ionic
- ῐ̔ᾰρός (hiarós) – Doric
- ἷρος (hîros) – Aeolic
Etymology
From Proto-Hellenic *iherós, from Proto-Indo-European *ish₁ros. There are a number of candidate cognates with this word. Compare Sanskrit इषिर (iṣirá) and Oscan 𐌀𐌉𐌔𐌖𐌔𐌉𐌔 (aisusis).
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /hi.e.rós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /(h)i.eˈros/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /i.eˈros/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /i.eˈros/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /i.eˈros/
Adjective
ῐ̔ερός • (hierós) m (feminine ῐ̔ερᾱ́, neuter ῐ̔ερόν); first/second declension
- connected with the gods, supernatural
- holy, sacred, consecrated
- under divine protection
Usage notes
The ι is generally short in ἱερός (hierós), but sometimes lengthened for the sake of meter in poetry: ῑ̔ερός (hīerós). The contracted form ῑ̔ρός (hīrós) always has long ῑ.
Inflection
First and second declension of ἱερός; ἱερᾱ́; ἱερόν (Attic)
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ἱερός hierós | ἱερᾱ́ hierā́ | ἱερόν hierón | ἱερώ hierṓ | ἱερᾱ́ hierā́ | ἱερώ hierṓ | ἱεροί hieroí | ἱεραί hieraí | ἱερᾰ́ hierá | |||||
Genitive | ἱεροῦ hieroû | ἱερᾶς hierâs | ἱεροῦ hieroû | ἱεροῖν hieroîn | ἱεραῖν hieraîn | ἱεροῖν hieroîn | ἱερῶν hierôn | ἱερῶν hierôn | ἱερῶν hierôn | |||||
Dative | ἱερῷ hierôi | ἱερᾷ hierâi | ἱερῷ hierôi | ἱεροῖν hieroîn | ἱεραῖν hieraîn | ἱεροῖν hieroîn | ἱεροῖς hieroîs | ἱεραῖς hieraîs | ἱεροῖς hieroîs | |||||
Accusative | ἱερόν hierón | ἱερᾱ́ν hierā́n | ἱερόν hierón | ἱερώ hierṓ | ἱερᾱ́ hierā́ | ἱερώ hierṓ | ἱερούς hieroús | ἱερᾱ́ς hierā́s | ἱερᾰ́ hierá | |||||
Vocative | ἱερέ hieré | ἱερᾱ́ hierā́ | ἱερόν hierón | ἱερώ hierṓ | ἱερᾱ́ hierā́ | ἱερώ hierṓ | ἱεροί hieroí | ἱεραί hieraí | ἱερᾰ́ hierá | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
ἱερῶς hierôs | ἱερώτερος hierṓteros | ἱερώτᾰτος hierṓtatos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
First and second declension of ἱερός; ἱερή; ἱερόν (Epic)
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ἱερός hierós | ἱερή hierḗ | ἱερόν hierón | ἱερώ hierṓ | ἱερᾱ́ hierā́ | ἱερώ hierṓ | ἱεροί hieroí | ἱεραί hieraí | ἱερᾰ́ hierá | |||||
Genitive | ἱεροῦ / ἱεροῖο / ἱερόο hieroû / hieroîo / hieróo | ἱερῆς hierês | ἱεροῦ / ἱεροῖο / ἱερόο hieroû / hieroîo / hieróo | ἱεροῖῐν hieroîin | ἱεραῖν / ἱεραῖῐν / ἱερῇῐν hieraî(i)n / hierêiin | ἱεροῖῐν hieroîin | ἱερῶν hierôn | ἱερᾱ́ων / ἱερέ͜ων / ἱερῶν hierā́ōn / hieré͜ōn / hierôn | ἱερῶν hierôn | |||||
Dative | ἱερῷ hierôi | ἱερῇ hierêi | ἱερῷ hierôi | ἱεροῖῐν hieroîin | ἱεραῖν / ἱεραῖῐν / ἱερῇῐν hieraî(i)n / hierêiin | ἱεροῖῐν hieroîin | ἱεροῖσῐ / ἱεροῖσῐν / ἱεροῖς hieroîsi(n) / hieroîs | ἱερῇσῐ / ἱερῇσῐν / ἱερῇς / ἱεραῖς hierêisi(n) / hierêis / hieraîs | ἱεροῖσῐ / ἱεροῖσῐν / ἱεροῖς hieroîsi(n) / hieroîs | |||||
Accusative | ἱερόν hierón | ἱερήν hierḗn | ἱερόν hierón | ἱερώ hierṓ | ἱερᾱ́ hierā́ | ἱερώ hierṓ | ἱερούς hieroús | ἱερᾱ́ς hierā́s | ἱερᾰ́ hierá | |||||
Vocative | ἱερέ hieré | ἱερή hierḗ | ἱερόν hierón | ἱερώ hierṓ | ἱερᾱ́ hierā́ | ἱερώ hierṓ | ἱεροί hieroí | ἱεραί hieraí | ἱερᾰ́ hierá | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
ἱερῶς hierôs | ἱερώτερος hierṓteros | ἱερώτᾰτος hierṓtatos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
|
Derived terms
- Ἱερᾱ́πολις (Hierā́polis)
- ῐ̔ερᾰ́ρχης (hierárkhēs)
- ἱεραρχίᾱ (hierarkhíā)
- ῐ̔ερεύς (hiereús)
- Ἱέριος (Hiérios)
- ἱεροβοτάνη (hierobotánē)
- ἱερόγλυφος (hierógluphos)
- ἱερόγλωσσος (hieróglōssos)
- ῑ̔ερόδουλος (hīeródoulos)
- Ἱερόθεος (Hierótheos)
- ἱεροκῆρῠξ (hierokêrux)
- Ῐ̔εροκλῆς (Hieroklês)
- ἱερομνήμων (hieromnḗmōn)
- ἱεροπομπός (hieropompós)
- Ῑ̔εροφῶν (Hīerophôn)
- Ἱερώνυμος (Hierṓnumos)
Descendants
- English: hiero-
- French: hiéro-
- Greek: ιερο- (iero-)
- → Middle Persian: (via ἱερά (hierá))
- → Arabic: إِيَارَج (ʾiyāraj), يَارَج (yāraj)
- → Persian: ایارج (iyâraj), یارج (yâraj)
- → Arabic: إِيَارَج (ʾiyāraj), يَارَج (yāraj)
- → Persian: یاره (yâra, yâre) (via ἱερά (hierá))
References
- “ἱερός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ἱερός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- ἱερός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- Bauer, Walter et al. (2001) A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, Third edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
- ἱερός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “ἱερός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G2413 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- ἱερός in Trapp, Erich, et al. (1994–2007) Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität besonders des 9.-12. Jahrhunderts [the Lexicon of Byzantine Hellenism, Particularly the 9th–12th Centuries], Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- blessed idem, page 83.
- consecrated idem, page 162.
- devoted idem, page 221.
- hallowed idem, page 381.
- holy idem, page 403.
- inviolable idem, page 457.
- sacred idem, page 728.
- secular idem, page 747.
- spiritual idem, page 802.