ἰσχυρός

ἰσχυρός

See also: ισχυρός

Ancient Greek

Etymology

From ῐ̓σχ(ῡ́ς) (iskh(ū́s), “strength, power”) +‎ -υρός (-urós).[1]

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /is.kʰyː.rós/ → /is.çyˈros/ → /is.çiˈros/

• (5^th BCE Attic) IPA^(key): /is.kʰyː.rós/
• (1^st CE Egyptian) IPA^(key): /is.kʰyˈros/
• (4^th CE Koine) IPA^(key): /is.çyˈros/
• (10^th CE Byzantine) IPA^(key): /is.çyˈros/
• (15^th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA^(key): /is.çiˈros/

Adjective

ἰσχῡρός • (iskhūrós) m (feminine ἰσχῡρᾱ́, neuter ἰσχῡρόν); first/second declension

1. strong, mighty
   • 409 BCE, Sophocles, Philoctetes 945
   • 480 BCE – 406 BCE, Euripides, Fragments 290
   • 620 BCE – 500 BCE, Alcaeus of Mytilene, Collected Works 15.4
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 8.12
   • 472 BCE, Aeschylus, The Persians 310
   • 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, On Joints 50
   • 371 BCE – 287 BCE, Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants 7.6.1
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 7.1.30
   • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 4.9
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 4.6.11
   • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.76
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Hipparchicus 8.24
   • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.111
   • 389 BCE – 314 BCE, Aeschines, Against Ctesiphon 66
   • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 3.6
   • 342 BCE – 290 BCE, Menander, Men at Arbitration 130

   Antonym: ἀσθενής (asthenḗs)

   1. mighty, powerful
      • 470 BCE, Aeschylus, The Suppliants 302
      • 423 BCE, Euripides, The Suppliants 447
      • 388 BCE, Aristophanes, Plutus 946
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.136
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Constitution of the Athenians 1.14
      • 70 CE – 110 CE, The Gospel of Matthew 3:11
   2. forcible, obstinate, stiff, stubborn, inveterate, excessive
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.94
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.29
      • 50 CE – 100 CE, The Gospel of Luke 15:14
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 1.74
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.205
      • 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Murder of Herodes 11
      • 480 BCE – 411 BCE, Antiphon of Rhamnus, On the Choreutes 25
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 2.49
      • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 388E
      • 380 BCE, Plato, The Republic 560B
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 7.102
      • 445 BCE – 380 BCE, Lysias, Against Alcibiades 2 9
      • 428 BCE – 347 BCE, Plato, Phaedrus 233C
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 9.41
      • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 5.23
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.201
2. (as an adverb) strongly, with all force
   • 460 BCE – 395 BCE, Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War 1.69
   • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 6.3.11
   1. very much, exceedingly
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.108
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 4.183
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Anabasis 1.7.15
      • 460 BCE – 370 BCE, Hippocrates, Prognostics 11
      • 384 BCE – 322 BCE, Aristotle, History of Animals 503B.9
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 8.3.44
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 5.3.15
      • 460 BCE – 420 BCE, Herodotus, Histories 3.129
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.5.12
      • 430 BCE – 354 BCE, Xenophon, Oeconomicus 1.15

Inflection

First and second declension of ἰσχῡρός; ἰσχῡρᾱ́; ἰσχῡρόν (Attic)

Number		Singular				Dual				Plural
Case/Gender		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter
Nominative		ἰσχῡρός iskhūrós	ἰσχῡρᾱ́ iskhūrā́	ἰσχῡρόν iskhūrón		ἰσχῡρώ iskhūrṓ	ἰσχῡρᾱ́ iskhūrā́	ἰσχῡρώ iskhūrṓ		ἰσχῡροί iskhūroí	ἰσχῡραί iskhūraí	ἰσχῡρᾰ́ iskhūrá
Genitive		ἰσχῡροῦ iskhūroû	ἰσχῡρᾶς iskhūrâs	ἰσχῡροῦ iskhūroû		ἰσχῡροῖν iskhūroîn	ἰσχῡραῖν iskhūraîn	ἰσχῡροῖν iskhūroîn		ἰσχῡρῶν iskhūrôn	ἰσχῡρῶν iskhūrôn	ἰσχῡρῶν iskhūrôn
Dative		ἰσχῡρῷ iskhūrôi	ἰσχῡρᾷ iskhūrâi	ἰσχῡρῷ iskhūrôi		ἰσχῡροῖν iskhūroîn	ἰσχῡραῖν iskhūraîn	ἰσχῡροῖν iskhūroîn		ἰσχῡροῖς iskhūroîs	ἰσχῡραῖς iskhūraîs	ἰσχῡροῖς iskhūroîs
Accusative		ἰσχῡρόν iskhūrón	ἰσχῡρᾱ́ν iskhūrā́n	ἰσχῡρόν iskhūrón		ἰσχῡρώ iskhūrṓ	ἰσχῡρᾱ́ iskhūrā́	ἰσχῡρώ iskhūrṓ		ἰσχῡρούς iskhūroús	ἰσχῡρᾱ́ς iskhūrā́s	ἰσχῡρᾰ́ iskhūrá
Vocative		ἰσχῡρέ iskhūré	ἰσχῡρᾱ́ iskhūrā́	ἰσχῡρόν iskhūrón		ἰσχῡρώ iskhūrṓ	ἰσχῡρᾱ́ iskhūrā́	ἰσχῡρώ iskhūrṓ		ἰσχῡροί iskhūroí	ἰσχῡραί iskhūraí	ἰσχῡρᾰ́ iskhūrá
Derived forms		Adverb				Comparative				Superlative
		ἰσχῡρῶς iskhūrôs				ἰσχῡρότερος iskhūróteros				ἰσχῡρότᾰτος iskhūrótatos
Notes:		This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For declension in other dialects, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal declension.

References

1. Babiniotis, Georgios (2010), “ἰσχυρός”, in Etymologikó lexikó tis néas ellinikís glóssas [Etymological Dictionary of Modern Greek] (in Greek), Athens: Lexicology Centre

Further reading

• “ἰσχυρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “ἰσχυρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
• ἰσχυρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
• G2478 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
• Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language‎, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
  • acute idem, page 10.
  • authoritative idem, page 53.
  • decided idem, page 200.
  • desperate idem, page 217.
  • determined idem, page 219.
  • drastic idem, page 250.
  • emphatic idem, page 269.
  • forcible idem, page 335.
  • grim idem, page 373.
  • hard idem, page 385.
  • hard-fought idem, page 385.
  • hardy idem, page 386.
  • hotly idem, page 408.
  • imperative idem, page 420.
  • incisive idem, page 428.
  • intense idem, page 449.
  • inveterate idem, page 457.
  • lusty idem, page 505.
  • mighty idem, page 528.
  • nervous idem, page 556.
  • obstinate idem, page 567.
  • peremptory idem, page 607.
  • positive idem, page 628.
  • potent idem, page 629.
  • powerful idem, page 630.
  • resolute idem, page 702.
  • rigid idem, page 715.
  • rooted idem, page 721.
  • severe idem, page 759.
  • sound idem, page 796.
  • stable idem, page 808.
  • stolid idem, page 819.
  • stout idem, page 821.
  • strenuous idem, page 825.
  • stringent idem, page 826.
  • strong idem, page 827.
  • strong-minded idem, page 827.
  • stubborn idem, page 828.
  • sturdy idem, page 830.
  • trenchant idem, page 893.
  • unabated idem, page 905.
  • uncompromising idem, page 910.
  • vigorous idem, page 952.
  • violent idem, page 953.
  • virulent idem, page 954.
  • warm idem, page 964.