ἐχθρός
See also: εχθρός
Ancient Greek
Etymology
Probably from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs (“out”), perhaps with suffix -ρός (-rós). But compare Latin exter from Proto-Indo-European *h₁eǵʰs-teros.
Pronunciation
- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /ekʰ.tʰrós/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ekʰˈtʰros/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /exˈθros/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /exˈθros/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /exˈθros/
Adjective
ἐχθρός • (ekhthrós) m (feminine ἐχθρᾱ́, neuter ἐχθρόν); first/second declension
- (with passive meaning) hated, hateful
- (with active meaning) hating, hostile [+dative or genitive = to someone or something]
- (masculine or feminine, as substantive) enemy
- (ἐχθρόν ἐστι (ekhthrón esti), impersonal) it is displeasing, distasteful, unpleasant [+dative = for someone], [+infinitive = to do]
Inflection
First and second declension of ἐχθρός; ἐχθρᾱ́; ἐχθρόν (Attic)
Number | Singular | Dual | Plural | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Case/Gender | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | Masculine | Feminine | Neuter | |||||
Nominative | ἐχθρός ekhthrós | ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́ | ἐχθρόν ekhthrón | ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ | ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́ | ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ | ἐχθροί ekhthroí | ἐχθραί ekhthraí | ἐχθρᾰ́ ekhthrá | |||||
Genitive | ἐχθροῦ ekhthroû | ἐχθρᾶς ekhthrâs | ἐχθροῦ ekhthroû | ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn | ἐχθραῖν ekhthraîn | ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn | ἐχθρῶν ekhthrôn | ἐχθρῶν ekhthrôn | ἐχθρῶν ekhthrôn | |||||
Dative | ἐχθρῷ ekhthrôi | ἐχθρᾷ ekhthrâi | ἐχθρῷ ekhthrôi | ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn | ἐχθραῖν ekhthraîn | ἐχθροῖν ekhthroîn | ἐχθροῖς ekhthroîs | ἐχθραῖς ekhthraîs | ἐχθροῖς ekhthroîs | |||||
Accusative | ἐχθρόν ekhthrón | ἐχθρᾱ́ν ekhthrā́n | ἐχθρόν ekhthrón | ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ | ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́ | ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ | ἐχθρούς ekhthroús | ἐχθρᾱ́ς ekhthrā́s | ἐχθρᾰ́ ekhthrá | |||||
Vocative | ἐχθρέ ekhthré | ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́ | ἐχθρόν ekhthrón | ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ | ἐχθρᾱ́ ekhthrā́ | ἐχθρώ ekhthrṓ | ἐχθροί ekhthroí | ἐχθραί ekhthraí | ἐχθρᾰ́ ekhthrá | |||||
Derived forms | Adverb | Comparative | Superlative | |||||||||||
ἐχθρῶς ekhthrôs | ἐχθρότερος / ἐχθίων ekhthróteros / ekhthíōn | ἐχθρότᾰτος / ἔχθιστος ekhthrótatos / ékhthistos | ||||||||||||
Notes: |
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Derived terms
- ἐχθρόξενος (ekhthróxenos)
- ἐχθαίρω (ekhthaírō)
- ἐχθραίνω (ekhthraínō)
Related terms
- ἐχθάνομαι (ekhthánomai)
- ἔχθος (ékhthos)
- ἔχθρα (ékhthra)
- ἔχθω (ékhthō)
Descendants
- Greek: εχθρός (echthrós), οχτρός (ochtrós)
Further reading
- “ἐχθρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “ἐχθρός”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “ἐχθρός”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- ἐχθρός in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- ἐχθρός in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
- “ἐχθρός”, in Slater, William J. (1969) Lexicon to Pindar, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter
- G2190 in Strong, James (1979) Strong’s Exhaustive Concordance to the Bible
- Woodhouse, S. C. (1910) English–Greek Dictionary: A Vocabulary of the Attic Language, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul Limited.
- adverse idem, page 15.
- antagonistic idem, page 32.
- averse idem, page 55.
- bitter idem, page 80.
- enemy idem, page 273.
- foe idem, page 331.
- ground idem, page 375.
- hostile idem, page 407.
- inimical idem, page 441.
- rebellious idem, page 677.
- unfriendly idem, page 919.