ḫꜣm

ḫꜣm

Egyptian

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /xɑm/
  • Conventional anglicization: kham

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to bend (one’s arms or back) as a sign of reverence [since the Middle Kingdom]
2. (intransitive) to bow down in reverence [since the Middle Kingdom]
3. (transitive, Late Egyptian) to hold on to, to keep in one’s possession
4. (transitive, Late Egyptian) to succeed in

Inflection

Conjugation of ḫꜣm (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḫꜣm, geminated stem: ḫꜣmm

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ḫꜣm	ḫꜣmw, ḫꜣm	ḫꜣmt	ḫꜣm	ḫꜣm

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ḫꜣm	ḥr ḫꜣm	m ḫꜣm	r ḫꜣm

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ḫꜣm.n	ḫꜣmw, ḫꜣm	consecutive	ḫꜣm.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ḫꜣmt
perfective3	ḫꜣm	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative	ḫꜣm.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ḫꜣm	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ḫꜣm	ḫꜣmm	potentialis	ḫꜣm.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ḫꜣm	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ḫꜣm.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ḫꜣm	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḫꜣm	ḫꜣm, ḫꜣmw5, ḫꜣmy5
imperfective	ḫꜣm, ḫꜣmy, ḫꜣmw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḫꜣm, ḫꜣmj6, ḫꜣmy6	ḫꜣm, ḫꜣmw5
prospective	ḫꜣm, ḫꜣmtj7	—	ḫꜣmtj4, ḫꜣmt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḫꜣm  

ḫꜣm	ẖꜣm	ḫꜣm
[Middle Kingdom]	[Middle Kingdom]

References

• Erman, Adolf; Grapow, Hermann (1929) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, volume 3, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, page 231.2–231.12
• Faulkner, Raymond (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, page 184