ᛖᚲ

ᛖᚲ

Proto-Norse

the inscription on the Hogganvik runestone

Alternative forms

• ᛖᚴ (ek), ᛖᚴᛡ (ekᴀ), -ᛖᚳᚨ (-eka), -ᚴᛡ (-kᴀ)

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *ek, from Proto-Indo-European *éǵh₂. Among the earliest attestations of the pronoun is the inscription on the 2nd-4th century Lindholm amulet, which also contains a postpositive, perhaps clitic, form of the word, ᚺᚨᛏᛖᚳᚨ (hateka, “I am called”).

Pronoun

ᛖᚲ (ek)

1. I
   • c. 250–450, inscription on the Tune stone:

     ᛖᚲᚹᛁᚹᚨᛉᚨᚠᛏᛖᚱᚹᛟᛞᚢᚱᛁᛞᛖ / […]

     ekwiwaʀafterwoduride / […]

     I, Wiwaz, after Woduridaz / […]

   • c. 425, inscription on the Golden Horns of Gallehus:

     ᛖᚲᚺᛚᛖᚹᚨᚷᚨᛊᛏᛁᛉ᛬ᚺᛟᛚᛏᛁᛃᚨᛉ᛬ᚺᛟᚱᚾᚨ᛬ᛏᚨᚹᛁᛞᛟ᛬

     ekhlewagastiʀ᛬holtijaʀ᛬horna᛬tawido᛬

     I, Hlewagastiz Holtijaz, made the horn

   • c. 250-450, inscription on the Hogganvik runestone:

     ᛖᚲᚾᚨᚢᛞᛁᚷᚨᛋᛏᛁᛉ / […]

     eknaudigastiʀ / […]

     I, Naudigastiz, / […] [1]

Related terms

• ᛗᛖᛉ (meʀ) (dative)

Descendants

• Old Norse: ek, iak; ec; -k
  • Icelandic: ek, eg, ég
  • Faroese: eg, jeg
  • Norn: eg
  • Norwegian: ej, é, eig, í, æg, æj, æ, je, jæj (dialectal)
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: eg
  • Jamtish: jeg
  • Dalian: ik, ig
    • Elfdalian: ig
  • Westrobothnian: jäg, jeg, jig, jög
  • Old Swedish: iak, iæk, iagh
    • Swedish: jag
  • Old Danish: iak, iæk, iægh, æk, ak
    • Danish: jeg, a, æ, ja, jæ
      • Norwegian Bokmål: jeg
    • Scanian: jağ
  • Jutish: æ
  • Old Gutnish: iek

References

1. James E. Knirk, Runic inscription from Hogganvik, Mandal, Vest-Agder (2009) (preliminary report), 27 October 2009