ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ

ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ

Proto-Norse

Alternative forms

• ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ /bᵃriutiþ/) (older form, from the 3rd singular)

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *briutizi, the 2nd singular present indicative of *breutaną. The ᛡ (A) present in between the ᛒ (b) and ᚱ (r) represents a svarabhakti (epenthetic) vowel, which however is not seen in the Old Norse orthography (brýt-) or in cognate words (such as Old English brēotan). Compare ᚢᚦᛡᚱᛡᛒᛡ (ūþArᵃbA), ᚺᚨᚱᚨᛒᚨᚾᚨᛉ (hᵃrabᵃnaz).

Verb

ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ (bᴀrutʀ /bᵃrȳtʀ/) (2nd/3rd singular present indicative)

1. [you/he/she/it] breaks, destroys
   • 7th century, inscription on the Björketorp stone:

     […] ᚼᚱᚼᚷᛖᚢ ¶ ᚺᚼᛖᚱᚼᛗᚼᛚᚼᚢᛋᛉ ¶ ᚢᛏᛁᚼᛉᚹᛖᛚᚼᛞᚼᚢᛞᛖ ¶ ᛋᚼᛉᚦᚼᛏᛒᚼᚱᚢᛏᛉ
     […] ArAgeu ¶ hAerAmAlAusz ¶ utiAzwelAdAude ¶ sAzþAtbArutz

     […] arᵃgiu hᵃerᵃmalausʀ [utiAz] wēladauðē, sa'ʀ þat bᵃrȳtʀ

     […] incessantly [plagued] with unmanliness, [utiAz,] insidious/treacherous death, [will befall] he who breaks this

Usage notes

• Whereas the older form ᛒᛡᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ (bᴀriutiþ /bᵃriutiþ/), used on the Stentoften Runestone, is inherited from the Proto-Germanic 3rd singular present indicative *briutidi, the younger form ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ, used on the Björketorp Runestone, comes from the Proto-Germanic 2nd singular present indicative *briutizi. This is due to a merger of the 3rd singular into the 2nd singular in the present tense of most verbs, fully completed in Old Norse, where both the 2nd and 3rd singular have the form brýtr (< ᛒᛡᚱᚢᛏᛉ < *briutizi).

Descendants

• Old Norse: brjóta (2nd singular present indicative brýtr)
  • Icelandic: brjóta
  • Faroese: bróta
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: brjota, bryta
  • Jamtish: brǿte
  • Elfdalian: briuota
  • Westrobothnian: brut
  • Old Swedish: brȳta
    • Swedish: bryta
  • Old Danish: brȳtæ
    • Danish: bryde
      • Norwegian Bokmål: bryte
    • Scanian: brýda
  • Gutnish: braute