ᚦᛡᛏ

ᚦᛡᛏ

Proto-Norse

Alternative forms

• ᚦᚨᛏ (þat) (older form)

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *þat (neuter of *sa (“that”)), from Proto-Indo-European *tód (neuter of *só (“that”)). Cognate with Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 (þata).

Pronoun

ᚦᛡᛏ (þᴀt /þat/)

1. that (nominative and accusative singular neuter demonstrative pronoun)
   • 500-700AD Stentoften Runestone

     […] ᚺᛖᚱᚼᛗᚼᛚᚼᛋᚼᛦ ᚼᚱᚼᚷᛖᚢ ᚹᛖᛚᚼᛞᚢᛞᛋᚼ ᚦᚼᛏ ᛒᚼᚱᛁᚢᛏᛁᚦ

     […] herAmAlAsAz ArAgeu welAduds| |sA þAt bAriutiþ

     […] incessantly [plagued] with maleficence, insidious/treacherous death, [will befall] he who breaks it [the monument]

Usage notes

In earlier Proto-Norse, such as the language at the time of the Golden Horns of Gallehus, this word was spelled ᚦᚨᛏ (þat), as on the By stone (KJ71; NIæR6). However, by the time of the Stentoften Runestone, the ᚨ-rune (a) had moved from a generic /a/ to specifically a nasalized /ã/ (this sound value persists into the Old Norse reflex ᚬ, transcribed ą or o), and the regular /a/ was instead represented by the ᚼ-rune (A).

Descendants

• Old Norse: þat
  • Icelandic: það
  • Faroese: tað, hað
  • Norn: da
  • Norwegian:
    • Norwegian Bokmål: det
    • Norwegian Nynorsk: det, dat
  • Jamtish: deð, heð
  • Westrobothnian: he, hä, ä
  • Old Swedish: þæt, þet, thæt, thet, thz
    • Swedish: det, (obsolete) thet, dhet
  • Old Danish: thet
    • Danish: det