ᄒᆞ다
Jeju
Etymology
Of native Jeju origin, from Middle Korean ᄒᆞ다〮 (Yale: hò-tá), from Old Korean 爲 (*HO(Y)-). Cognate with Korean 하다 (hada).
Pronunciation
- (Morphophonemic) IPA(key): ⫽hɒta⫽
- (Jeju City) IPA(key): [hɒda̠]
- Phonetic hangul: [ᄒᆞ다]
Romanizations | |
---|---|
Revised Romanization? | hawda |
Revised Romanization (translit.)? | hawda |
Yale Romanization? | hota |
Verb
ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) (infinitive 헨 or 헹 or ᄒᆞ연 or ᄒᆞ영, sequential ᄒᆞ난)
- (transitive) to do; used to vaguely refer to almost any action.
- 오널 무신거 헨? — ᄉᆞ답 ᄒᆞ엿어마씸. ― oneol musin'geo hen? - sawdap hawyeoseo-massim. ― What did you do today? — I did the laundry.
- 느가 헤사주게! ― neu-ga heSa-ju-ge! ― You should do it!
- ᄋᆞ, 나 막 잘 ᄒᆞ여졋다. ― aw, na mak jal hawyeoJyeotda. ― Yes, I could do it very well.
- 2017, Yang Changyong, 양창용; William O'Grady, 윌리암 오그레디; Yang Sejung, 양세종, 제주어 1 [Jeju 1], 퍼플, →ISBN, page 61:
- 공찰락 ᄒᆞ여지는야? — 아니게, 나 못 ᄒᆞ여.
- gongchallak hawyeoJineunya? - ani-ge, na mot hawyeo.
- Are you able to play gongchallak? — No, I can't play it.
- to say (that):
- (after an indirect quotation) to say (that)
- Synonym: ᄀᆞᆮ다 (gawtda)
- 아시가 하르방 닐 서월이 간덴 헤라. ― asi-ga hareubang nil seowor-i ganden hera. ― My younger brother said that grandpa is going to Seoul tomorrow.
- 어멍 집이 오렌 ᄒᆞ엿저. ― eomeong jib-i oren hawyeotjeo. ― Mom said to come home.
- 느네 성이 미나 ᄀᆞ세 ᄎᆞᆽ아봐렌 ᄒᆞ연마씸. ― neu-ne seong-i mina gawse chawjabwaren hawyeon-massim. ― Your older brother said that he saw Mina looking for the scissors.
- 고모신디 ᄎᆞᆯ레 멩글아ᇝ입센 ᄒᆞ라. ― gomo-sindi chawlle menggeuramsipsen hawra. ― Tell (your) aunt to start making side dishes.
- 물꾸럭 ᄀᆞ찌 먹우겐 헷저. ― mulkkureok gawjji meogugen hetjeo. ― I suggested that we eat octopus together.
- 2017 March 31, 만우절(萬愚節), “거짓말 [Lies]”, in 제주어보전회 양전형의 제주어로 읽는 세상사 31 [Jeju Preservation Society]:
- ᄉᆞ랑ᄒᆞᆫ덴 ᄒᆞᆫ 그말도 그짓갈, 돌아오켄 ᄒᆞᆫ 그말도 그짓갈, 시상에 잇인 기짓말 ᄆᆞᆫ딱 ᄒᆞ여놓고.
- sawranghawnden hawn geumal-do geujitgal, doraoken hawn geumal-do geujitgal, sisang-e idin gijinmal mawnttak hawyeoNoko.
- The "I love you" a lie, the "I will come back" too a lie, you told every lie in the world.
- 2020, Changyong Yang; Sejung Yang; William O'Grady, Jejueo : the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, DOI: , →ISBN, JSTOR j.ctvwvr2qt, page 244:
- 만수만 쉐 질루노렌 헤라.
- mansu-man swe jillunoren hera.
- Mansu said that only he raises cows.
- (transitive) to call, name
- 그거 ᄎᆞ마귀옌 ᄒᆞ는디 ― geugeo chawmagwi-yen hawneundi ― That's called chawmagyi.
- 2020, Changyong Yang; Sejung Yang; William O'Grady, Jejueo : the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, DOI: , →ISBN, JSTOR j.ctvwvr2qt, page 246:
- 것ᄀᆞ라 재열이옌 ᄒᆞ는디.
- geot-gawra jaeyeori-yen hawneundi.
- Talking about that, it’s called a cicada.
- (after an ideophone or onomatopoeia) to go; to act according to the ideophone; to make the sound of the onomatopoeia
- 가이 손꼬락이 와직와직ᄒᆞ덴. ― Gai sonkkorag-i wajigwajik-hawden. ― He said his fingers feel "prickly".
- 강생이가 앙앙 ᄒᆞ엿다. ― gangsaeng'i-ga ang'ang hawyeotda. ― The puppy said "arf".
- 2012 September 25, 김창집, “의성어와 의태어(2)”, in 김창집의 오름 이야기:
- 이디 모영 앙앙작작ᄒᆞ지 말앙 ᄒᆞᆫ저 집이덜 가라.
- Idi moyeong ang'angjakjak-hawji marang hawnjeo jib-i-deol gara.
- Don't gather here and be rambunctious, go home quickly.
- 2017, Yang Changyong, 양창용; William O'Grady, 윌리암 오그레디; Yang Sejung, 양세종, 제주어 1 [Jeju 1], 퍼플, →ISBN, page 25:
- 꽝이 복삭ᄒᆞ다.
- Kkwang-'i boksak-hawda.
- My bones feel like they're about to "crumble".
- 2020, Changyong Yang; Sejung Yang; William O'Grady, Jejueo : the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, DOI: , →ISBN, JSTOR j.ctvwvr2qt, page 115:
- 막 ᄂᆞᆯ싹ᄒᆞᆫ게.
- Mak nawlssak-hawnge.
- (I) am very tired.
- (after an indirect quotation) to say (that)
- Used as a light verb to allow nouns and noun-like forms to function as active verbs. The verb itself has little to no real meaning. The noun functions as a direct object of the verb, being able to take particles such as the accusative case marker 을 or the topic marker 은.
- 공븨 (gongbui, “study”) + ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → 공븨ᄒᆞ다 (gongbuihawda, “to study”)
- 부름씨 (bureumssi, “errands”) + ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → 부름씨ᄒᆞ다 (bureumssihawda, “to do errands”)
- 이왁 (iwak, “conversation, story”) + ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → 이왁ᄒᆞ다 (iwakhawda, “to have a conversation, tell a story”)
- 전놔 (jeonnwa, “phone, call”) + ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → 전놔ᄒᆞ다 (jeonnwahawda, “to call”)
- 2017, Yang Changyong, 양창용; William O'Grady, 윌리암 오그레디; Yang Sejung, 양세종, 제주어 1 [Jeju 1], 퍼플, →ISBN, page 35:
- 우리 아신 간세다리우다, 메날 부름씰 간세ᄒᆞ여마씸.
- Uri asin gansedari-uda, menal bureumssil ganse-hawyeo-massim.
- My younger sibling is a couch potato; every day they neglect their chores.
- Used as a light verb to allow nouns and noun-like forms to function as adjectives. The verb itself has little to no real meaning. The noun can be separated by the topic marker 은.
- 곱닥 (gopdak) + ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → 곱닥ᄒᆞ다 (gopdakhawda, “to be pretty”)
- 노고록 (nogorok) + ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → 노고록ᄒᆞ다 (nogorokhawda, “to be satisfied, relaxed, composed”)
- 퍼렁 (peoreong) + ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → 퍼렁ᄒᆞ다 (peoreonghawda, “to be deep blue”)
- 곱닥은 ᄒᆞᆫ디 착ᄒᆞ진 아니ᄒᆞ우다.
- gopdag-eun hawndi chakhawjin anihawuda.
- She's pretty, but she's not nice.
- 2018 May 25, 양전형, “장미꼿 이왁 [The story of the rose]”, in 제주어보전회 제주어의 세상여행 35 [Jeju Preservation Society]:
- 그 ᄄᆞᆯ은 곱닥만 ᄒᆞᆫ게 아니고 불쌍ᄒᆞᆫ 사름덜신딘 손도 하영 페우곡 말도 사불사불ᄒᆞ게 ᄒᆞ여뎅겨노난 ᄆᆞ을 사름덜이 ᄆᆞᆫ 좋아라 ᄒᆞ여십주.
- geu ttawr-eun gopdang-man hawn'ge anigo bulssanghawn sareum-deol-sindin son-do hayeong pe'ugok mal-do sabulsabulhawge hawyeo-denggyeononan maweul sareum-deor-i mawn joara hawyeosipju.
- That daughter was not just pretty, but also gave lots of help to those who needed it and spoke brilliantly, so everyone in the village spoke highly of her.
- After certain roots, fully suffixed to form an inseparable verb or adjective.
- 망(亡) (mang, “ruin, destruction”) + ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → 망(亡)ᄒᆞ다 (manghawda, “to be brought to ruin”)
- ᄉᆞᆨᄉᆞᆷ (sawksawm) + ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → ᄉᆞᆨᄉᆞᆷᄒᆞ다 (sawksawmhawda, “to keep one's mouth shut”)
- 착 (chak, of unknown etymology; from Manchu ᠴᠠᡴ (cak)?) + ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) → 착ᄒᆞ다 (chakhawda, “to be nice”)
- 2009, 제주 문화 예술 재단, 개정 증보 제주어 사전, 제주 특별 자치도, →ISBN, page 804:
- 경ᄒᆞ여도 전읜 착ᄒᆞᆫ 사름이라낫지.
- gyeonghawyeodo jeonuin chakhawn sareumi-ra-nat-ji.
- Nevertheless, they were a nice person before.
- Used as a neutral verb after suffixes expressing intent or that something is about to happen.
- ᄌᆞᆷ자젠 헤ᇝ저. ― jawmja-jen hemjeo. ― I'm about to sleep.
- 2020, Changyong Yang; Sejung Yang; William O'Grady, Jejueo : the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, DOI: , →ISBN, JSTOR j.ctvwvr2qt, page 242:
- 할망 몸 ᄀᆞᆷ(우)젠 ᄒᆞ멘.
- halmang mom gawm-(u)jen hawmen.
- Grandmother is about to have a bath.
- Various idiomatic usages:
- See 게 ᄒᆞ다 (-ge hawda, “to make; to cause to do; (forms the causative)”).
- See 게시리 ᄒᆞ다 (-gesiri hawda, “to make; to cause to do; (forms the causative)”).
- See 으렌 ᄒᆞ다 (-euren hawda, “to make; to cause to do; (forms the causative)”).
- See 어사 ᄒᆞ다 (-eosa hawda, “have to; must; should”).
- See 엇어사 ᄒᆞ다 (-eoseosa hawda, “should have; (shows regret)”).
- see ᄒᆞ고 (-hawgo, “and, with”).
- see ᄒᆞ곡 (-hawgok, “and, with”).
Adjective
ᄒᆞ다 (hawda) (infinitive 헨 or 헹 or ᄒᆞ연 or ᄒᆞ영, sequential ᄒᆞ난)
- used after 구정 (-gujeong) to want, be desirous of
- 드론 놀리구정 ᄒᆞ다게! ― deuron nolli-gujeong hawdage! ― I want to fly the drone!
- 2020, Changyong Yang; Sejung Yang; William O'Grady, Jejueo : the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, DOI: , →ISBN, JSTOR j.ctvwvr2qt, page 154:
- 도레기 둥그리구정 ᄒᆞ다.
- doregi dunggeuri-gujeong hawda.
- (I) want to roll the top.
Usage notes
(compounds)
- As Jeju verbs and adjectives are a fully closed class, all newly borrowed or coined verbs and adjectives must be formed by ᄒᆞ다 (hawda).
- In less formal language, the infinitive ᄒᆞ여 (hawyeo) is often contracted to 헤 (he).
Alternative forms
- 허다 (heoda) (proscribed)
References
- Changyong Yang; Sejung Yang; William O'Grady (2020) Jejueo : the language of Korea’s Jeju Island, Honolulu, USA: University of Hawai‘i Press, DOI:, →ISBN, JSTOR j.ctvwvr2qt
- Yang Changyong, 양창용; William O'Grady, 윌리암 오그레디; Yang Sejung, 양세종 (2017) 제주어 1 [Jeju 1], 퍼플, →ISBN
- 제주 문화 예술 재단 (2009) 개정 증보 제주어 사전, 제주 특별 자치도, →ISBN, page 248
Middle Korean
Etymology
From Old Korean 爲 (*HO(Y)-).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /hʌ̀.tá/
Verb
ᄒᆞ다〮 (hòtá) (infinitive ᄒᆞ〮야〮 (hóyá), sequential ᄒᆞ니〮 (hòní))
- to do
- to say
- A light verb attached to various non-verbs to derive verbs and adjectives.
Descendants
- Jeju: ᄒᆞ다 (hawda)
- Early Modern Korean: ᄒᆞ다 (hota)
- Korean: 하다 (hada)