ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞᆯ다

Middle Korean

Verb

ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞᆯ〮다〮 (mòyngkóltá)

to make, to create
- 1446, Sejong the Great, Hunmin jeongeum eonhae (訓民正音諺解本 / 훈민정음언해본)‎:
  새〮로〮 스〮믈〮여듧〮字(ᄌᆞ)ᄅᆞᆯ〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮노니〮
  sáy-lwó súmúlyètúlp CO-lól mòyngkónwòní
  I have newly created twenty-eight letters
- 1447, Seokbo sangjeol 釋譜詳節 / 석보상절, page 11:13a:
  優(우)塡(뎐)王(와ᇰ)이〮 ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮론〮 金(금)像(샤ᇰ)ᄋᆞᆯ〮象(샤ᇰ)애〮 싣〯ᄌᆞᄫᅡ〮 가〮더니〮 […]
  WU.TYEN.WANG-í mòyngkólwón KUM.SYANG-ól SYANG-áy sǐtcòWá kátèní […]
  [As they] move the golden Buddha statue made by King Udayana on an elephant […]
Synonym: ᄆᆞᆫᄃᆞᆯ다 (montolta)

Conjugation

Accentual class LH stem
Declarative	Connective	Infinitive	Conditional
ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞᆯ〮다〮 (mòyngkóltá)	ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞᆯ〮오〮 (mòyngkólGwó)	ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞ〮라〮 (mòyngkólá)	ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞᆯ〮면〮 (mòyngkólmyén)

Descendants

Korean: 맹글다 (maenggeulda) (dialectal)

Usage notes

This verb was used together with 지ᇫ다 (Yale: cizta, "to make"), of similar meaning. The two were not wholly synonymous:

ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞᆯ〮다〮 (mòyngkóltá) was preferred or obligatory for physical objects (e.g. to make a statue, to make an implement); for laws or institutions; and for making someone adopt a new social position (e.g. to make one a slave).
지ᇫ〯다〮 (cĭztá) was preferred or obligatory for taking on a certain expression or mood (e.g. to make a certain face); for religious concepts (e.g. to commit sin, to win merit); for human relationships (e.g. to forge a friendship, to form a crowd); and for certain idiomatic objects.
Both were used for buildings, clothes, food, and written works, although ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞᆯ〮다〮 (mòyngkóltá) may have had a somewhat wider scope.

It has been proposed that ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞᆯ〮다〮 (mòyngkóltá) had a connotation of creation via active human effort and that 지ᇫ〯다〮 (cĭztá) had a connotation of natural emergence, although this remains disputed.

References

홍사만 (Hong Sa-man) (2001) , “중세 근대국어 어휘의미 연구(8) — '짓다', 'ᄆᆡᇰᄀᆞᆯ다'의 의미분석 — [A study on the lexical semantics of Middle and Early Modern Korean (8): An analysis of the semantics of cista and moyngkolta]”, in Eoneo gwahak yeon'gu, volume 19, pages 339—374