स्फटिक
Sanskrit
Alternative forms
Alternative scripts
- ᬲ᭄ᬨᬝᬶᬓ (Balinese script)
- স্ফটিক (Assamese script)
- স্ফটিক (Bengali script)
- 𑰭𑰿𑰣𑰘𑰰𑰎 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀲𑁆𑀨𑀝𑀺𑀓 (Brahmi script)
- 𑌸𑍍𑌫𑌟𑌿𑌕 (Grantha script)
- સ્ફટિક (Gujarati script)
- ꦱ꧀ꦦꦛꦶꦏ (Javanese script)
- ស្ផដិក (Khmer script)
- ಸ್ಫಟಿಕ (Kannada script)
- ສ຺ຜຏິກ (Lao script)
- 𑘭𑘿𑘣𑘘𑘱𑘎 (Modi script)
- သ္ဖဋိက (Burmese script)
- 𑐳𑑂𑐦𑐚𑐶𑐎 (Newa script)
- ସ୍ଫଟିକ (Oriya script)
- ꢱ꣄ꢧꢜꢶꢒ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆱𑇀𑆦𑆛𑆴𑆑 (Sharada script)
- 𑖭𑖿𑖣𑖘𑖰𑖎 (Siddham script)
- స్ఫటిక (Telugu script)
- สฺผฏิก (Thai script)
- སྥཊིཀ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒮𑓂𑒤𑒙𑒱𑒏 (Tirhuta script)
Etymology
Unknown. The word is traditionally associated with the root स्फट् (sphaṭ, “to burst forth”), possibly going back to Proto-Indo-European *(s)pʰel- (“to burst forth”)[1] with a -t- extension.
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /s̪pʰɐ.ʈi.kɐ/
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈs̪pʰɐ.ʈi.kɐ/
Noun
स्फटिक • (sphaṭika) m or n
- crystal; quartz
- c. 500 BCE – 300 BCE, Śvetāśvataropaniṣad 2.11:
- नीहारधूमार्कानिलानलानां खद्योतविद्युत्स्फटिकशशीनाम् ।
एतानि रूपाणि पुरःसराणि ब्रह्मण्यभिव्यक्तिकराणि योगे ॥- nīhāradhūmārkānilānalānāṃ khadyotavidyutsphaṭikaśaśīnām .
etāni rūpāṇi puraḥsarāṇi brahmaṇyabhivyaktikarāṇi yoge . - Mist-smoke-sunshine-wind-fires, firefly-lightning-crystal-moons,
These forms in yoga are the forerunners, bringers of manifestation unto brahman.
- nīhāradhūmārkānilānalānāṃ khadyotavidyutsphaṭikaśaśīnām .
- नीहारधूमार्कानिलानलानां खद्योतविद्युत्स्फटिकशशीनाम् ।
- c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata 3.212.13:
- आस्यात्सुगन्धि तेजश्च अस्थिभ्यो देवदारु च ।
श्लेष्मणः स्फटिकं तस्य पित्तान्मरकतं तथा ॥- āsyātsugandhi tejaśca asthibhyo devadāru ca .
śleṣmaṇaḥ sphaṭikaṃ tasya pittānmarakataṃ tathā . - From (his) mouth (came) the fragrant heat, his bones the deodar tree,
His phlegm the quartz, and likewise his bile the emerald.
- āsyātsugandhi tejaśca asthibhyo devadāru ca .
- आस्यात्सुगन्धि तेजश्च अस्थिभ्यो देवदारु च ।
- c. 400 BCE – 200 CE, Cāṇakya, Arthaśāstra 2.11.32:
- शुद्धस्फटिको मूलाटवर्णः शीतवृष्टिः सूर्यकान्तश्च । इति मणयः ॥
- śuddhasphaṭiko mūlāṭavarṇaḥ śītavṛṣṭiḥ sūryakāntaśca . iti maṇayaḥ .
- The pure crystal, the mūlāṭavarṇa, the śītavṛṣṭi ("cool-rainwater"), and the sun-stone; such are the gems.
- शुद्धस्फटिको मूलाटवर्णः शीतवृष्टिः सूर्यकान्तश्च । इति मणयः ॥
Declension
| Masculine a-stem declension of स्फटिक (sphaṭika) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | स्फटिकः sphaṭikaḥ | स्फटिकौ sphaṭikau | स्फटिकाः / स्फटिकासः¹ sphaṭikāḥ / sphaṭikāsaḥ¹ |
| Vocative | स्फटिक sphaṭika | स्फटिकौ sphaṭikau | स्फटिकाः / स्फटिकासः¹ sphaṭikāḥ / sphaṭikāsaḥ¹ |
| Accusative | स्फटिकम् sphaṭikam | स्फटिकौ sphaṭikau | स्फटिकान् sphaṭikān |
| Instrumental | स्फटिकेन sphaṭikena | स्फटिकाभ्याम् sphaṭikābhyām | स्फटिकैः / स्फटिकेभिः¹ sphaṭikaiḥ / sphaṭikebhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | स्फटिकाय sphaṭikāya | स्फटिकाभ्याम् sphaṭikābhyām | स्फटिकेभ्यः sphaṭikebhyaḥ |
| Ablative | स्फटिकात् sphaṭikāt | स्फटिकाभ्याम् sphaṭikābhyām | स्फटिकेभ्यः sphaṭikebhyaḥ |
| Genitive | स्फटिकस्य sphaṭikasya | स्फटिकयोः sphaṭikayoḥ | स्फटिकानाम् sphaṭikānām |
| Locative | स्फटिके sphaṭike | स्फटिकयोः sphaṭikayoḥ | स्फटिकेषु sphaṭikeṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
| Neuter a-stem declension of स्फटिक (sphaṭika) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | स्फटिकम् sphaṭikam | स्फटिके sphaṭike | स्फटिकानि / स्फटिका¹ sphaṭikāni / sphaṭikā¹ |
| Vocative | स्फटिक sphaṭika | स्फटिके sphaṭike | स्फटिकानि / स्फटिका¹ sphaṭikāni / sphaṭikā¹ |
| Accusative | स्फटिकम् sphaṭikam | स्फटिके sphaṭike | स्फटिकानि / स्फटिका¹ sphaṭikāni / sphaṭikā¹ |
| Instrumental | स्फटिकेन sphaṭikena | स्फटिकाभ्याम् sphaṭikābhyām | स्फटिकैः / स्फटिकेभिः¹ sphaṭikaiḥ / sphaṭikebhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | स्फटिकाय sphaṭikāya | स्फटिकाभ्याम् sphaṭikābhyām | स्फटिकेभ्यः sphaṭikebhyaḥ |
| Ablative | स्फटिकात् sphaṭikāt | स्फटिकाभ्याम् sphaṭikābhyām | स्फटिकेभ्यः sphaṭikebhyaḥ |
| Genitive | स्फटिकस्य sphaṭikasya | स्फटिकयोः sphaṭikayoḥ | स्फटिकानाम् sphaṭikānām |
| Locative | स्फटिके sphaṭike | स्फटिकयोः sphaṭikayoḥ | स्फटिकेषु sphaṭikeṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
Descendants
- Pali: phalika, phalikā, phaḷika
- → Khmer: ផលិក (phɑlək)
- → Thai: ผลึก (pà-lʉ̀k)
- Prakrit: 𑀨𑀮𑀺𑀳 (phaliha), 𑀨𑀸𑀮𑀺𑀕 (phāliga), 𑀨𑀸𑀮𑀺𑀅 (phālia), etc.
- → Middle Chinese: 頗黎 (MC pʰuɑ lei), 頗梨柯 (MC pʰuɑ liɪ kɑ), 玻璃 (MC pʰuɑ liᴇ)
- Chinese: 玻璃 (“glass”)
- → Middle Chinese: 頗黎 (MC pʰuɑ lei), 頗梨柯 (MC pʰuɑ liɪ kɑ), 玻璃 (MC pʰuɑ liᴇ)
- → Middle Chinese: 頗胝迦 (MC pʰuɑ ʈˠiɪ kˠa), 塞頗胝迦 (MC sək̚ pʰuɑ ʈˠiɪ kˠa)
References
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1996), “sphaṭika”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume II, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 775
- Apte, Vaman Shivram (1890), “स्फटिक”, in The practical Sanskrit-English dictionary, Poona: Prasad Prakashan, page 1729
- Monier Williams (1899), “Sphaṭika”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 1269/3.
- Sheth, Hargovind Das T[rikamcand] (1923-1928), “फालिअ”, in पाइअ-सद्द-महण्णवो [Pāia-Sadda-Mahaṇṇavo; lit. Ocean of Prakrit words] (in Hindi), Calcutta: [Published by the Author], page 623.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “sphaṭika”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 798