दूर
See also: देर and द्रु
Hindi
Etymology
Inherited from Sauraseni Prakrit 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (dūra), from Sanskrit दूर (dūrá). Also influenced by Persian دور (dur).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi Hindi) IPA(key): /d̪uːɾ/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -uːɾ
Adjective
दूर • (dūr) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling دور)
- distant, far
- आपका कार्यालय यहाँ से कितनी दूर है।
- āpkā kāryālay yahā̃ se kitnī dūr hai.
- How far is your office from here?
- पृथ्वी से शनि बहुत दूर है।
- pŕthvī se śani bahut dūr hai.
- Saturn is very distant from the Earth.
- away, off
- वह सौ मीटर दूर खड़ा था। ― vah sau mīṭar dūr khaṛā thā. ― He was standing a hundred meters away.
- इन लड़कों को खेत से दूर रखो।
- in laṛkõ ko khet se dūr rakho.
- Keep these boys off the field.
Usage notes
दूर (dūr) can be considered an adverb in the same sense as it is considered an adjective.
Noun
दूर • (dūr) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling دور)
- distance, remoteness
Derived terms
- दूरी (dūrī)
References
- Bahri, Hardev (1989), “दूर”, in Siksarthi Hindi-Angrejhi Sabdakosa [Learners' Hindi-English Dictionary], Delhi: Rajpal & Sons.
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “दूर”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
Marathi
Etymology
Ultimately from Sanskrit दूर (dūra).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /d̪uɾ/, [d̪uːɾ]
Adjective
दूर • (dūra)
- distant or remote in time or space
Further reading
- Molesworth, James Thomas (1857), “दूर”, in A dictionary, Marathi and English, Bombay: Printed for government at the Bombay Education Society's Press
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- ᬤᬹᬭ (Balinese script)
- দূৰ (Assamese script)
- দূর (Bengali script)
- 𑰟𑰳𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (Brahmi script)
- 𑌦𑍂𑌰 (Grantha script)
- દૂર (Gujarati script)
- ਦੂਰ (Gurmukhi script)
- ꦢꦹꦫ (Javanese script)
- ទូរ (Khmer script)
- ದೂರ (Kannada script)
- ທູຣ (Lao script)
- ദൂര (Malayalam script)
- 𑘟𑘴𑘨 (Modi script)
- ᢑᠤᠤᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- ᡩᡠᡠᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
- ဒူရ (Burmese script)
- 𑦿𑧕𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐡𑐹𑐬 (Newa script)
- ଦୂର (Oriya script)
- ꢣꢹꢬ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆢𑆷𑆫 (Sharada script)
- 𑖟𑖳𑖨 (Siddham script)
- දූර (Sinhalese script)
- దూర (Telugu script)
- ทูร (Thai script)
- དཱུ་ར (Tibetan script)
- 𑒠𑒴𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Iranian *duHrás, from Proto-Indo-European *duh₂-ró-s (“long, far”), from *dweh₂-. Cognate with Old Persian 𐎯𐎢𐎼𐎡𐎹 (du-u-r-i-y /dūraiy/, “afar”) (whence Persian دور (dūr, “far”)), Avestan 𐬛𐬏𐬭𐬁𐬝 (dūrāt̰, “from afar”), Ancient Greek δηρός (dērós, “long”), Latin dūrus, Old Armenian երկար (erkar, “long, extended”).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /duː.ɾɐ́/
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈd̪uː.ɾɐ/
Adjective
दूर • (dūrá)
- distant, far, long, remote
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 5.7.4:
- स स्मा कृणोति केतुमा नक्तं चिद्दूर आ सते।
- sa smā kṛṇoti ketumā naktaṃ ciddūra ā sate.
- He gives a signal in the night even to him who is afar.
- स स्मा कृणोति केतुमा नक्तं चिद्दूर आ सते।
Declension
| Masculine a-stem declension of दूर (dūrá) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | दूरः dūráḥ | दूरौ dūraú | दूराः / दूरासः¹ dūrā́ḥ / dūrā́saḥ¹ |
| Vocative | दूर dū́ra | दूरौ dū́rau | दूराः / दूरासः¹ dū́rāḥ / dū́rāsaḥ¹ |
| Accusative | दूरम् dūrám | दूरौ dūraú | दूरान् dūrā́n |
| Instrumental | दूरेण dūréṇa | दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām | दूरैः / दूरेभिः¹ dūraíḥ / dūrébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | दूराय dūrā́ya | दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām | दूरेभ्यः dūrébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | दूरात् dūrā́t | दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām | दूरेभ्यः dūrébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | दूरस्य dūrásya | दूरयोः dūráyoḥ | दूराणाम् dūrā́ṇām |
| Locative | दूरे dūré | दूरयोः dūráyoḥ | दूरेषु dūréṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
| Feminine ā-stem declension of दूरा (dūrā́) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | दूरा dūrā́ | दूरे dūré | दूराः dūrā́ḥ |
| Vocative | दूरे dū́re | दूरे dū́re | दूराः dū́rāḥ |
| Accusative | दूराम् dūrā́m | दूरे dūré | दूराः dūrā́ḥ |
| Instrumental | दूरया / दूरा¹ dūráyā / dūrā́¹ | दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām | दूराभिः dūrā́bhiḥ |
| Dative | दूरायै dūrā́yai | दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām | दूराभ्यः dūrā́bhyaḥ |
| Ablative | दूरायाः dūrā́yāḥ | दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām | दूराभ्यः dūrā́bhyaḥ |
| Genitive | दूरायाः dūrā́yāḥ | दूरयोः dūráyoḥ | दूराणाम् dūrā́ṇām |
| Locative | दूरायाम् dūrā́yām | दूरयोः dūráyoḥ | दूरासु dūrā́su |
| Notes |
| ||
| Neuter a-stem declension of दूर (dūrá) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | दूरम् dūrám | दूरे dūré | दूराणि / दूरा¹ dūrā́ṇi / dūrā́¹ |
| Vocative | दूर dū́ra | दूरे dū́re | दूराणि / दूरा¹ dū́rāṇi / dū́rā¹ |
| Accusative | दूरम् dūrám | दूरे dūré | दूराणि / दूरा¹ dūrā́ṇi / dūrā́¹ |
| Instrumental | दूरेण dūréṇa | दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām | दूरैः / दूरेभिः¹ dūraíḥ / dūrébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | दूराय dūrā́ya | दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām | दूरेभ्यः dūrébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | दूरात् dūrā́t | दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām | दूरेभ्यः dūrébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | दूरस्य dūrásya | दूरयोः dūráyoḥ | दूराणाम् dūrā́ṇām |
| Locative | दूरे dūré | दूरयोः dūráyoḥ | दूरेषु dūréṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
Noun
दूर • (dūrá) n
- distance, remoteness
- come from afar
- long way back or from a remote period
Declension
| Neuter a-stem declension of दूर (dūrá) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | दूरम् dūrám | दूरे dūré | दूराणि / दूरा¹ dūrā́ṇi / dūrā́¹ |
| Vocative | दूर dū́ra | दूरे dū́re | दूराणि / दूरा¹ dū́rāṇi / dū́rā¹ |
| Accusative | दूरम् dūrám | दूरे dūré | दूराणि / दूरा¹ dūrā́ṇi / dūrā́¹ |
| Instrumental | दूरेण dūréṇa | दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām | दूरैः / दूरेभिः¹ dūraíḥ / dūrébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | दूराय dūrā́ya | दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām | दूरेभ्यः dūrébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | दूरात् dūrā́t | दूराभ्याम् dūrā́bhyām | दूरेभ्यः dūrébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | दूरस्य dūrásya | दूरयोः dūráyoḥ | दूराणाम् dūrā́ṇām |
| Locative | दूरे dūré | दूरयोः dūráyoḥ | दूरेषु dūréṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
Borrowed terms
- → Kannada: ದೂರ (dūra)
- → Tamil: தூரம் (tūram)
- → Telugu: దూరము (dūramu)
Descendants
- Dardic:
- Dameli: [script needed] (dūr)
- Indus Kohistani: [script needed] (dūr)
- Kashmiri: دوٗر (dūr)
- Northeast Pashayi: [Term?] (dūr)
- Northwest Pashayi: [script needed] (dūr)
- Phalura: [script needed] (dhūro)
- Savi: [script needed] (duro)
- Shina: [script needed] (dūr)
- Southeast Pashayi: [script needed] (dūr)
- Southwest Pashayi: [script needed] (dūr)
- Tirahi: [script needed] (dūr)
- Wotapuri-Katarqalai: [script needed] (dur)
- Helu Prakrit:
- Dhivehi: ދުރު (duru)
- Sinhalese: දුර (dura)
- Khasa Prakrit:
- Nepali: दुर् (dur)
- Magadhi Prakrit: 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (dūra)
- Assamese: দূৰ (dur)
- Bengali: দূর (dūr)
- Bihari:
- Bhojpuri: दूर (dūr)
- Maithili: दूर (dūr)
- Oriya: ଦୂର (durô)
- Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (dūra)
- Marathi: दूर (dūr)
- Pali: dūra
- Paisaci Prakrit:
- Takka Apabhramsa:
- Punjabi: ਦੂਰ (dūr)
- Vracada Apabhramsa:
- Sindhi: डूरि (ḍūri)
- Takka Apabhramsa:
- Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀤𑀽𑀭 (dūra)
- Garhwali: दूर (dūr)
- Gujarati: દૂર (dūr)
- Hindustani:
- Hindi: दूर (dūr)
- Urdu: دور (dūr)
- Kumaoni: दुरो (duro)
- Romani: dur
References
- Monier Williams (1899), “दूर”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 489.
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “dūrá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press