चक्र
Hindi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit चक्र (cakra). Doublet of चक्कर (cakkar) and चरख़ा (carxā).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi Hindi) IPA(key): /t͡ʃək.ɾᵊ/
Noun
चक्र • (cakra) m (Urdu spelling چکر)
- circle, ring
- wheel
- cycle; sequence, progression
- जल चक्र ― jal cakra ― water cycle
- (historical) chakram (an old Indian coin from Travancore)
Declension
Declension of चक्र (masc cons-stem)
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| direct | चक्र cakra | चक्र cakra |
| oblique | चक्र cakra | चक्रों cakrõ |
| vocative | चक्र cakra | चक्रो cakro |
Derived terms
- दुष्चक्र (duṣcakra)
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- ᬘᬓ᭄ᬭ (Balinese script)
- চক্ৰ (Assamese script)
- চক্র (Bengali script)
- 𑰓𑰎𑰿𑰨 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀭 (Brahmi script)
- 𑌚𑌕𑍍𑌰 (Grantha script)
- ચક્ર (Gujarati script)
- ਚਕੑਰ (Gurmukhi script)
- ꦕꦏꦿ (Javanese script)
- ចក្រ (Khmer script)
- ಚಕ್ರ (Kannada script)
- ຈກ຺ຣ (Lao script)
- ചക്ര (Malayalam script)
- 𑘓𑘎𑘿𑘨 (Modi script)
- ᢋᠠᢉᠷᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- ᢜᠠᡬᡵᠠ (Manchu script)
- စကြ (Burmese script)
- 𑦳𑦮𑧠𑧈 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐔𑐎𑑂𑐬 (Newa script)
- ଚକ୍ର (Oriya script)
- ꢗꢒ꣄ꢬ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆖𑆑𑇀𑆫 (Sharada script)
- 𑖓𑖎𑖿𑖨 (Siddham script)
- චක්ර (Sinhalese script)
- చక్ర (Telugu script)
- จกฺร (Thai script)
- ཙ་ཀྲ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒔𑒏𑓂𑒩 (Tirhuta script)
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-Aryan *ćakrám, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *čakrám, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷékʷlos (“circle, wheel”). Cognate with Avestan 𐬗𐬀𐬑𐬭𐬀 (caxra, “wheel”), Persian چرخ (čarx), Old Church Slavonic коло (kolo), Lithuanian kãklas, Tocharian B kokale, Ancient Greek κύκλος (kúklos), Latin colus, Old English hwēol (whence English wheel).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /t͡ɕɐk.ɾɐ́/
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈt͡ɕɐk.ɾɐ/
Noun
चक्र • (cakrá) n or m
- the wheel (of a carriage, of the Sun's chariot, of Time)
- a potter's wheel (ShBr.)
- a discus or sharp circular missile weapon, especially that of Vishnu
- a circle (Puranic)
- an astronomical circle, the zodiac
- a mystical circle or diagram
- a cycle, cycle of years or of seasons
- a circle or depression of the body (for mystical or chiromantic purposes; 6 in number, one above the other), the fontenelle or union of the coronal and sagittal sutures
- (prosody) name of a poetic metre
- a troop, multitude
Declension
| Neuter a-stem declension of चक्र (cakrá) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | चक्रम् cakrám | चक्रे cakré | चक्राणि / चक्रा¹ cakrā́ṇi / cakrā́¹ |
| Vocative | चक्र cákra | चक्रे cákre | चक्राणि / चक्रा¹ cákrāṇi / cákrā¹ |
| Accusative | चक्रम् cakrám | चक्रे cakré | चक्राणि / चक्रा¹ cakrā́ṇi / cakrā́¹ |
| Instrumental | चक्रेण cakréṇa | चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām | चक्रैः / चक्रेभिः¹ cakraíḥ / cakrébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | चक्राय cakrā́ya | चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām | चक्रेभ्यः cakrébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | चक्रात् cakrā́t | चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām | चक्रेभ्यः cakrébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | चक्रस्य cakrásya | चक्रयोः cakráyoḥ | चक्राणाम् cakrā́ṇām |
| Locative | चक्रे cakré | चक्रयोः cakráyoḥ | चक्रेषु cakréṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
| Masculine a-stem declension of चक्र (cakrá) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | चक्रः cakráḥ | चक्रौ cakraú | चक्राः / चक्रासः¹ cakrā́ḥ / cakrā́saḥ¹ |
| Vocative | चक्र cákra | चक्रौ cákrau | चक्राः / चक्रासः¹ cákrāḥ / cákrāsaḥ¹ |
| Accusative | चक्रम् cakrám | चक्रौ cakraú | चक्रान् cakrā́n |
| Instrumental | चक्रेण cakréṇa | चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām | चक्रैः / चक्रेभिः¹ cakraíḥ / cakrébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | चक्राय cakrā́ya | चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām | चक्रेभ्यः cakrébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | चक्रात् cakrā́t | चक्राभ्याम् cakrā́bhyām | चक्रेभ्यः cakrébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | चक्रस्य cakrásya | चक्रयोः cakráyoḥ | चक्राणाम् cakrā́ṇām |
| Locative | चक्रे cakré | चक्रयोः cakráyoḥ | चक्रेषु cakréṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
Descendants
- Assamese: চকা (soka), চকৰ (sokor)
- Bengali: চাকা (caka), চক্কর (côkkôr)
- → Bengali: চক্র (côkrô)
- → English: chakra, chakram
- → Finnish: chakra
- → Gujarati: ચક્ર (cakra)
- → Hindi: चक्र (cakra), चक्कर (cakkar)
- → Kannada: ಚಕ್ರ (cakra)
- → Malay: cakera, cakra (چاکرا)
- → Malayalam: ചക്രം (cakraṃ)
- Marathi: चाक (cāk)
- → Norwegian:
- Norwegian Bokmål: chakra
- Norwegian Nynorsk: chakra
- → Old Tamil: 𑀘𑀓𑁆𑀓𑀭𑀫𑁆 (cakkaram)
- Tamil: சக்கரம் (cakkaram, “wheel”), சக்கிரம் (cakkiram)
- Oriya: ଚକ (côkô)
- Pali: cakka
- → Burmese: စက် (cak)
- → Shan: ၸၢၵ်ႈ (tsāak)
- → Jingpho: jak
- → S'gaw Karen: စဲး (seḧ)
- → Western Kayah: ꤡꤢꤧ (cae)
- → Zaiwa: svdiq
- → Lao: ຈັກ (chak), ຈັກກະ (chak ka)
- → Burmese: စက် (cak)
- → Portuguese: cakra
- Punjabi: ਚੱਕਰ (cakkar, “circle, rotation”), ਚੱਕਾ (cakkā, “wheel, rim”)
- → Santali: ᱪᱚᱠ (côk) (borrowed from Middle-Indo-Aryan)
- → Spanish: chakra
- Sylheti: ꠌꠣꠇꠣ (saxa), ꠌꠇꠞ (soxor)
- → Sylheti: ꠌꠇ꠆ꠇꠞ (sokkor)
- → Telugu: చక్రము (cakramu)
- → Thai: จักร (jàk)
References
- Monier Williams (1899), “चक्र”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 0380.