क्षमा

क्षमा

Hindi

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Sanskrit क्षमा (kṣamā). Doublet of छमा (chamā).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi Hindi) IPA^(key): /kʂə.mɑː/, [kʃə.mäː]

Noun

क्षमा • (kṣamā) f (Urdu spelling کشما‎)

1. (formal) a pardon, forgiveness

   मैं आपसे क्षमा माँगता हूँ।

   ma͠i āpse kṣamā māṅgtā hū̃.

   I request forgiveness from you.

   Synonym: माफ़ी (māfī)

Declension

Declension of क्षमा (fem ā-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमाएँ kṣamāẽ
oblique	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमाओं kṣamāõ
vocative	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमाओ kṣamāo

Proper noun

क्षमा • (kṣamā) f (Urdu spelling کشما‎)

1. a female given name, Kshama, from Sanskrit

Declension

Declension of क्षमा (fem ā-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमाएँ kṣamāẽ
oblique	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमाओं kṣamāõ
vocative	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमाओ kṣamāo

Further reading

• McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “क्षमा”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
• Platts, John T. (1884), “क्षमा”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.

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Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• ᬓ᭄ᬱᬫᬵ (Balinese script)
• ক্ষমা (Assamese script)
• ক্ষমা (Bengali script)
• 𑰎𑰿𑰬𑰦𑰯 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀓𑁆𑀱𑀫𑀸 (Brahmi script)
• 𑌕𑍍𑌷𑌮𑌾 (Grantha script)
• ક્ષમા (Gujarati script)
• ਕੑਸ਼ਮਾ (Gurmukhi script)
• ꦏ꧀ꦰꦩꦴ (Javanese script)
• ក្ឞមា (Khmer script)
• ಕ್ಷಮಾ (Kannada script)
• ກ຺ຩມາ (Lao script)
• ക്ഷമാ (Malayalam script)
• 𑘎𑘿𑘬𑘦𑘰 (Modi script)
• ᢉᢔᠠᠮᠠ᠋᠎ᠠ (Mongolian script)
• ᡬᢢᠠᠮᠠᢇ (Manchu script)
• က္ၑမာ (Burmese script)
• 𑦮𑧠𑧌𑧆𑧑 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐩𑐵 (Newa script)
• କ୍ଷମା (Oriya script)
• ꢒ꣄ꢰꢪꢵ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆑𑇀𑆰𑆩𑆳 (Sharada script)
• 𑖎𑖿𑖬𑖦𑖯 (Siddham script)
• ක්ෂමා (Sinhalese script)
• క్షమా (Telugu script)
• กฺษมา (Thai script)
• ཀྵ་མཱ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒏𑓂𑒭𑒧𑒰 (Tirhuta script)

Etymology

From क्षम् (kṣam, “to be patient, to endure, to put up with”, root) +‎ -आ (-ā).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /kʂɐ.mɑː/
• (Classical) IPA^(key): /ˈkʂɐ.mɑː/

Noun

क्षमा • (kṣamā) f

1. patience, forbearance, indulgence
   • c. 400 BCE, Mahābhārata
2. patience, (personified as a daughter of dakṣa and wife of pulaha)
3. tameness (as of an antelope)
4. resistance
5. earth
6. name of Durga
7. the khadira tree (Acacia catechu)
8. name of a female shepherd
9. name of a species of the atijagatī- metre
10. of a śākta authoress of mantras
11. of a river (equals vetravatī-)

Declension

Feminine ā-stem declension of क्षमा (kṣamā)
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	क्षमा kṣamā	क्षमे kṣame	क्षमाः kṣamāḥ
Vocative	क्षमे kṣame	क्षमे kṣame	क्षमाः kṣamāḥ
Accusative	क्षमाम् kṣamām	क्षमे kṣame	क्षमाः kṣamāḥ
Instrumental	क्षमया / क्षमा¹ kṣamayā / kṣamā¹	क्षमाभ्याम् kṣamābhyām	क्षमाभिः kṣamābhiḥ
Dative	क्षमायै kṣamāyai	क्षमाभ्याम् kṣamābhyām	क्षमाभ्यः kṣamābhyaḥ
Ablative	क्षमायाः kṣamāyāḥ	क्षमाभ्याम् kṣamābhyām	क्षमाभ्यः kṣamābhyaḥ
Genitive	क्षमायाः kṣamāyāḥ	क्षमयोः kṣamayoḥ	क्षमाणाम् kṣamāṇām
Locative	क्षमायाम् kṣamāyām	क्षमयोः kṣamayoḥ	क्षमासु kṣamāsu
Notes	¹Vedic

Descendants

• Assamese: ক্ষমা (khoma)
• Bengali: ক্ষমা (kkhma)
• Maharastri Prakrit: 𑀔𑀫𑀸 (khamā)
• Old Marathi: क्षमा (kṣamā) / क्षेमा (kṣemā)
  • → Marathi: क्षमा (kṣamā)
• → Nepali: क्षमा (kṣamā)
• Pali: khamā
• Punjabi: ਖਿਮਾ (khimā)
• Sindhi: کِما‎
• Sauraseni Prakrit: 𑀙𑀫𑀸 (chamā)
  • Hindustani:
    • Hindi: छमा (chamā)
    • Urdu: چهما‎ (chamā)
• Awadhi: छमा (chamā)
• Rajasthani: छमा (chamā)
• → Gujarati: ક્ષમા (kṣamā) (learned)
• → Hindustani: (learned)

  Hindi: क्षमा (kṣamā)

  Urdu: کشما‎ (kṣamā)

• Kannada: ಕ್ಷಮೆ (kṣame)
• → Tamil: க்ஷமை (kṣamai) / சமை (camai)
• → Telugu: క్షమ (kṣama)

Further reading

• Monier Williams (1899), “क्षमा”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 326.