कठिन
See also: कठिनि
Hindi
Etymology
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit कठिन (kaṭhina).
Pronunciation
- (Delhi Hindi) IPA(key): /kə.ʈʰɪn/, [kə.ʈʰɪ̃n̪]
Adjective
कठिन • (kaṭhin) (indeclinable, Urdu spelling کٹھن)
- difficult, challenging, arduous
- Synonyms: मुश्किल (muśkil), कड़ा (kaṛā)
- Antonym: सरल (saral)
- प्रत्येक व्यक्ति को प्रसन्न करना बहुत कठिन है।
- pratyek vyakti ko prasanna karnā bahut kaṭhin hai.
- It is very difficult to please everybody.
Derived terms
- कठिनाई (kaṭhināī)
Related terms
- कठिनता (kaṭhintā)
Further reading
- McGregor, Ronald Stuart (1993), “कठिन”, in The Oxford Hindi-English Dictionary, London: Oxford University Press
- Dāsa, Śyāmasundara (1965–1975), “कठिन”, in Hindī Śabdasāgara [lit. Sea of Hindi words] (in Hindi), Kashi [Varanasi]: Nagari Pracarini Sabha
Sanskrit
Alternative scripts
Alternative scripts
- ᬓᬞᬶᬦ (Balinese script)
- কঠিন (Assamese script)
- কঠিন (Bengali script)
- 𑰎𑰙𑰰𑰡 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀓𑀞𑀺𑀦 (Brahmi script)
- 𑌕𑌠𑌿𑌨 (Grantha script)
- કઠિન (Gujarati script)
- ਕਠਿਨ (Gurmukhi script)
- ꦏꦜꦶꦤ (Javanese script)
- កឋិន (Khmer script)
- ಕಠಿನ (Kannada script)
- ກຐິນ (Lao script)
- കഠിന (Malayalam script)
- 𑘎𑘙𑘱𑘡 (Modi script)
- ᢉᠠᢍᢈᠨᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- ᡬᠠᡱᡳᠨᠠ (Manchu script)
- ကဌိန (Burmese script)
- 𑦮𑦹𑧒𑧁 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐎𑐛𑐶𑐣 (Newa script)
- କଠିନ (Oriya script)
- ꢒꢝꢶꢥ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆑𑆜𑆴𑆤 (Sharada script)
- 𑖎𑖙𑖰𑖡 (Siddham script)
- කඨින (Sinhalese script)
- కఠిన (Telugu script)
- กฐิน (Thai script)
- ཀ་ཋི་ན (Tibetan script)
- 𑒏𑒚𑒱𑒢 (Tirhuta script)
Etymology
Probably from the root कठ् (kaṭh, “to live in distress”).
Pronunciation
- (Vedic) IPA(key): /kɐ.ʈʰi.nɐ/
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈkɐ.ʈʰi.n̪ɐ/
Adjective
कठिन • (kaṭhina)
- difficult
- stiff, hard, firm
- harsh, cruel, inflexible
- violent (as pain)
Declension
Masculine a-stem declension of कठिन (kaṭhina) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | कठिनः kaṭhinaḥ | कठिनौ kaṭhinau | कठिनाः / कठिनासः¹ kaṭhināḥ / kaṭhināsaḥ¹ |
Vocative | कठिन kaṭhina | कठिनौ kaṭhinau | कठिनाः / कठिनासः¹ kaṭhināḥ / kaṭhināsaḥ¹ |
Accusative | कठिनम् kaṭhinam | कठिनौ kaṭhinau | कठिनान् kaṭhinān |
Instrumental | कठिनेन kaṭhinena | कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām | कठिनैः / कठिनेभिः¹ kaṭhinaiḥ / kaṭhinebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | कठिनाय kaṭhināya | कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām | कठिनेभ्यः kaṭhinebhyaḥ |
Ablative | कठिनात् kaṭhināt | कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām | कठिनेभ्यः kaṭhinebhyaḥ |
Genitive | कठिनस्य kaṭhinasya | कठिनयोः kaṭhinayoḥ | कठिनानाम् kaṭhinānām |
Locative | कठिने kaṭhine | कठिनयोः kaṭhinayoḥ | कठिनेषु kaṭhineṣu |
Notes |
|
Feminine ā-stem declension of कठिना (kaṭhinā) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | कठिना kaṭhinā | कठिने kaṭhine | कठिनाः kaṭhināḥ |
Vocative | कठिने kaṭhine | कठिने kaṭhine | कठिनाः kaṭhināḥ |
Accusative | कठिनाम् kaṭhinām | कठिने kaṭhine | कठिनाः kaṭhināḥ |
Instrumental | कठिनया / कठिना¹ kaṭhinayā / kaṭhinā¹ | कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām | कठिनाभिः kaṭhinābhiḥ |
Dative | कठिनायै kaṭhināyai | कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām | कठिनाभ्यः kaṭhinābhyaḥ |
Ablative | कठिनायाः kaṭhināyāḥ | कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām | कठिनाभ्यः kaṭhinābhyaḥ |
Genitive | कठिनायाः kaṭhināyāḥ | कठिनयोः kaṭhinayoḥ | कठिनानाम् kaṭhinānām |
Locative | कठिनायाम् kaṭhināyām | कठिनयोः kaṭhinayoḥ | कठिनासु kaṭhināsu |
Notes |
|
Neuter a-stem declension of कठिन (kaṭhina) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | कठिनम् kaṭhinam | कठिने kaṭhine | कठिनानि / कठिना¹ kaṭhināni / kaṭhinā¹ |
Vocative | कठिन kaṭhina | कठिने kaṭhine | कठिनानि / कठिना¹ kaṭhināni / kaṭhinā¹ |
Accusative | कठिनम् kaṭhinam | कठिने kaṭhine | कठिनानि / कठिना¹ kaṭhināni / kaṭhinā¹ |
Instrumental | कठिनेन kaṭhinena | कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām | कठिनैः / कठिनेभिः¹ kaṭhinaiḥ / kaṭhinebhiḥ¹ |
Dative | कठिनाय kaṭhināya | कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām | कठिनेभ्यः kaṭhinebhyaḥ |
Ablative | कठिनात् kaṭhināt | कठिनाभ्याम् kaṭhinābhyām | कठिनेभ्यः kaṭhinebhyaḥ |
Genitive | कठिनस्य kaṭhinasya | कठिनयोः kaṭhinayoḥ | कठिनानाम् kaṭhinānām |
Locative | कठिने kaṭhine | कठिनयोः kaṭhinayoḥ | कठिनेषु kaṭhineṣu |
Notes |
|
Derived terms
- कठिनचित्त (kaṭhinacitta)
- कठिनता (kaṭhinatā)
- कठिनत्व (kaṭhinatva)
- कठिनपृष्ठ (kaṭhinapṛṣṭha)
- कठिनपृष्ठक (kaṭhinapṛṣṭhaka)
- कठिनहृदय (kaṭhinahṛdaya)
Descendants
- → Hindi: कठिन (kaṭhin)
- Telugu: కఠినము (kaṭhinamu)
References
- Monier Williams (1899), “कठिन”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, OCLC 458052227, page 244.