ܐܝܬ
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
Etymology
From Aramaic אִית (ʾîṯ); realted to Hebrew יֵשׁ (yésh).
Pronunciation
- (standard) IPA(key): [itː]
- (Nineveh Plains) IPA(key): [iːθ.]
- (Urmian) IPA(key): [iːt.]
Adverb
ܐܝܼܬ • (īt)
- there is/are
- ܐܝܼܬ ܘܲܪܕܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܓܲܢܬܵܐ. ― īt wardā gāw gantā. ― There is a rose in the garden.
- ܐܝܼܬ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܪܵܒܵܐ ܐ݇ܢܵܫܹ̈ܐ ܠܫܘܼܩܵܐ. ― īt wā rābā nāšē l-šuqā. ― There were many people at the market.
- to have [+ ܠ- (object)]
- ܐܝܼܬ ܠܝܼ ܟܲܠܒ݂ܵܐ. ― īt lī kalḇā. ― I have a dog (literally, “There is to me a dog.”)
- ܐܝܼܬ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܠܝܼ ܚܲܕ݇ܟ̰ܵܐ ܙܘܼܙܹ̈ܐ. ― īt wā lī ḥačā zuzē. ― I had some money. (literally, “There was to me some money.”)
- to be (years) old [+ ܠ- (l-) (age)]
- ܟܡܵܐ ܫܸ̈ܢܹܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܠܘܼܟ݂؟ ― kmā šinnē īt luḵ? ― How old are you? (literally, “How many years are there to you?”)
- ܐܝܼܬ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܬܸܫܥܝܼ ܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ ܐܝܼܡܲܢ ܡܝܼܬ ܠܹܗ. ― īt wā lēh tišʿī šinnē īman mīt lēh. ― He was ninety years old when he died. (literally, “There was to him ninety years when he died.”)
- to be possible [+ ܒ- (object)]
- ܐܝܼܬ ܒܝܼ ܙܵܡܪܹܢ. ― īt bī zāmrēn. ― I can sing (literally, “There is in me to sing.”)
- ܐܝܼܬ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܒܝܼܘܼܟ݂ ܙܵܡܪܹܬ. ― īt wā bīyuḵ zāmrēt. ― You could sing (literally, “There was in you to sing.”)
Usage notes
This word does not inflect like a regular verb. It mostly occurs as an uninflected particle, though it can take suffixes agreeing with the subject in person, gender, and number. Its past tense is expressed by ܐܝܼܬ (īt) + ܗ݇ܘܵܐ (wā)/ܗ݇ܘܵܘ (wā) and its future tense is expressed by ܗܘܐ (hwā, “ܒܸܬ ܗܵܘܹܐ”).
Inflection
| Base Form | ܐܝܼܬ (īt) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Personal-pronoun including forms | singular | plural | |
| m | f | ||
| 1st person | ܐܝܼܬ ܠܝܼ (īt lī) | ܐܝܼܬ ܠܲܢ (īt lan) | |
| 2nd person | ܐܝܼܬ ܠܘܼܟ݂ (īt luḵ) | ܐܝܼܬ ܠܵܟ݂ܝ (īt lāḵ) | ܐܝܼܬ ܠܵܘܟ݂ܘܿܢ (īt lāwḵon) |
| 3rd person | ܐܝܼܬ ܠܹܗ (īt lēh) | ܐܝܼܬ ܠܵܗ̇ (īt lāh) | ܐܝܼܬ ܠܗܘܿܢ (īt lhon) |
| Base Form | ܐܝܼܬ (īt) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Personal-pronoun including forms | singular | plural | |
| m | f | ||
| 1st person | ܐܝܼܬ ܒܝܼ (īt bī) | ܐܝܼܬ ܒܝܼܲܢ (īt bīyan) | |
| 2nd person | ܐܝܼܬ ܒܝܼܘܼܟ݂ (īt bīyuḵ) | ܐܝܼܬ ܒܝܼܵܟ݂ܝ (īt bīyāḵ) | ܐܝܼܬ ܒܝܼܵܘܟ݂ܘܿܢ (īt bīyāwḵon) |
| 3rd person | ܐܝܼܬ ܒܝܼܹܗ (īt bīyēh) | ܐܝܼܬ ܒܝܼܵܗ̇ (īt bīyāh) | ܐܝܼܬ ܒܝܼܗܘܿܢ (īt bīhon) |
Antonyms
- ܠܲܝܬ (layt)
Derived terms
- ܐܝܼܬܘܼܬܵܐ (ītutā, “essence; existence”)
- ܐܝܼܬܘܼܬܵܢܵܝܵܐ (ītutānāyā, “essential; existing”)
- ܐܝܼܬܝܵܐ (ītyā, “being, existing”)
- ܐܝܼܬܝܵܐܝܼܬ (ītyāʾīt, “essentially”)
- ܐܝܼܬܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ (ītāyutā, “essence, being”)
- ܐܝܼܬܝܵܝܵܐ (ītyāyā, “essential, integral”)
Classical Syriac
Etymology
Compare Aramaic אִית (ʾîṯ), Hebrew יֵשׁ (yēš).
Pronunciation
- (Classical Edessan, Eastern Syriac, Western Syriac) IPA(key): [ˈʔiθ]
Verb
ܐܝܬ • (ʾīṯ) (peal construction (irregular))
- there is/are
- to be, exist
- (with ܠ- (lə-)) to have
- (with ܠ- (lə-) or ܕ- (də-)) to be possible, allowable; must
- (with ܠܘܬ (ləwāṯ)) to be with; have; be found; be found guilty
- (with ܥܠ (ʿal)) to be incumbent on, obligatory, expected from
Usage notes
This word does not inflect like a regular verb. It mostly occurs as an uninflected particle, though it can take type-II suffixes (as certain prepositions or plural nouns), agreeing with the subject in person, gender, and number. Its past tense is expressed by a following ܗܘܐ ([hə]wā), inflected in the third person and agreeing with the subject in gender and number.
Antonyms
- ܠܝܬ (layt)
Derived terms
- ܐܝܬܘܬܐ (ʾīṯūṯā, “essence; existence”)
- ܐܝܬܘܬܢܝܐ (ʾīṯūṯānāyā, “essential; existing”)
- ܐܝܬܝܐ (ʾīṯyā, “being, existing”)
- ܐܝܬܝܐܝܬ (ʾīṯyāʾīṯ, “essentially”)
- ܐܝܬܝܘܬܐ (ʾīṯāyūṯā, “essence, being”)
- ܐܝܬܝܝܐ (ʾīṯyāyā, “essential, integral”)
References
- “ˀyt”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–, retrieved 2021-07-17
- Costaz, Louis (2002) Dictionnaire syriaque-français ∙ Syriac–English Dictionary ∙ قاموس سرياني-عربي, 3rd edition, Beirut: Dar El-Machreq, page 8a-b
- Payne Smith, Jessie (1903) A Compendious Syriac Dictionary Founded Upon the Thesaurus Syriacus of R. Payne Smith, D.D., Oxford: Clarendon Press, pages 14b-15a
- Sokoloff, Michael (2009) A Syriac Lexicon: A Translation from the Latin, Correction, Expansion, and Update of C. Brockelmann's Lexicon Syriacum, Winona Lake, Indiana; Piscataway, New Jersey: Eisenbrauns; Gorgias Press, page 39a