گبر

See also: کبر‎, كثر‎, كبر‎, ك ب ر‎, and ك ث ر‎

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian ‎ (gabr).

Noun

گَبْر • (gebr)

Zoroastrian
Synonyms: آتش‌پرست‎ (âteş-perest), مجوسی‎ (mecûsî), زردشتی‎ (zerdüştî)

Descendants

→ French: guèbre
- → English: Guebre
→ German: Geber
→ Italian: guebro

Persian

Etymology 1

From Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“weave”).

Alternative forms

گپر‎ (gapr)

Noun

گبر • (gabr)

hauberk

Etymology 2

From Aramaic 𐡂𐡁𐡓𐡀‎ (gbrʾ /gaḇrā/, “man; person”), reflected in the Middle Persian logogram (huzvarishn) GBRA (mard, “man”). The Persian word was probably used in pre-Islamic Persia to refer to some Zoroastrians in Mesopotamia (inhabited by many Aramaeans).

Traditionally has been derived from Arabic كَافِر‎ (kāfir, “unbeliever”), but that is problematic on phonetic and semantic grounds.

See Shaki in Encyclopædia Iranica for more.

Alternative forms

گور‎ (gavr) (archaic)
گاور‎ (gâvor, gâvar) (archaic)

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /ɡabɾ/

(Dari Persian) IPA^(key): /ɡabɾ/

(Iranian Persian) IPA^(key): /ɡæbɾ/

(Tajik) IPA^(key): /ɡabɾ/

Noun

Iranian Persian	گبر
Dari	گبر
Tajik	габр (gabr)

گبر • (gabr)

(archaic, later pejorative) Zoroastrian
(archaic) kafir, infidel
- Attributed to both Abū-Sa'īd Abul-Khayr (967–1049) and Rumi (1207–1273)
  ‏‎
  Bāz-ā! Bāz-ā! Har ānče hastī bāz-ā!
  Gar kāfir u gabr u but-parastī bāz-ā!
  Īn dargah-i mā dargah-i nōmēdī nēst
  Sad bār agar tawba šikastī, bāz-ā!
  Literal translation:
  Return, return! Whatever thou art, return!
  Whether kafir, infidel, or idolater, return!
  This threshold of ours is not a threshold of despair.
  [Even] if you've broken your repentance a thousand times, return!
(colloquial) wealthy man

Derived terms

گبری‎ (gabri)
گبرک‎ (gabrak)
گبرکی‎ (gabraki)

Descendants

→ Azerbaijani: gəbr
→ Ottoman Turkish: گبر‎ (gebr)
- → French: guèbre
  - → English: Guebre
- → German: Geber
- → Italian: guebro
→ Uzbek: gabr

(via the by-form ‎ (gâvor)):

→ Azerbaijani: gavur
→ Ottoman Turkish: كاور‎ (gâvur)
- Turkish: gâvur
- → Armenian: գյավուր (gyavur)
- → Bulgarian: гяу́р (gjaúr), гяу́рин (gjaúrin)
- → English: giaour
- → French: giaour
- → German: Giaur
- → Macedonian: ѓаур (ǵaur)
- → Romanian: ghiaur
- → Hungarian: gyaur
- → Italian: giaurro
- → Polish: giaur
- → Russian: гяу́р (gjaúr)
- → Serbo-Croatian: ђаур / đaur, каур / kaur

References

Mansour Shaki (December 15, 2000), “Gabr”, in Encyclopædia Iranica, online edition‎, New York
Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–), “گبر”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press, retrieved گاور, page گور
MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), “mard”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 54
“gbr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
Lokotsch, Karl (1927) Etymologisches Wörterbuch der europäischen Wörter orientalischen Ursprungs (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, § 632, page 50b
Vullers, Johann August (1856–1864), “گبر”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum (in Latin), volume II, Bonn: Adolf Marcus, page 950a