ليس

ليس

See also: لبس‎, لیس‎, and ليش‎

Arabic

Etymology 1

Uncertain. Traditionally taken to be a contracted pronunciation of either an earlier form لَيِسَ (layisa), whose ultimate origin is in turn unknown or unexplored, or of لَا‎ (lā, “not”) + an existential أَيْس‎ (ʾays)[1] that has a proposed etymology in Proto-Semitic *ys < *yṯ. This existential would be a native cognate to Hebrew יֵשׁ‎ (yēš)[2] and Akkadian 𒌇 (/išu/, “to have or own; to be”, also used copulatively), although Al-Jallad (2018) expresses doubt that it is anything more than a back-formation from the negative, in other words implying that لَا‎ (lā, “not”) + *أَيْس‎ (*ʾays, existential) is just a folk etymology from which أَيْس‎ (ʾays) was created artificially. Al-Jallad proceeds to attest a form of لَيْسَ (laysa) in a Safaitic inscription dated between the first century BC and the fourth century AD, whose form, he says, invalidates the possibility of an origin in a verb لَيِسَ (layisa); he thereby argues that لَيْسَ (laysa) may either be a loan from Neo-Assyrian 𒆷𒀸𒋗 (la-aš-šu /laššu/, “there is not”) or from Taymanitic 𐪁𐪚𐪏‎ (lys³ /lāʾis, lāyis/, “not existing or being”).[3]

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /laj.sa/

Verb

لَيْسَ • (laysa)

1. (copulative, defective) not to be
2. (invariably masculine singular) except

   Synonym: لَا يَكُونُ‎ (lā yakūnu)

   ‏جَاءَ النَّاسُ لَيْسَ زُهَيْرًا‎

   jāʾa n-nāsu laysa zuhayran

   People came, except for Zuhayr

3. (rare, nonstandard) not to exist; there is not

Usage notes

This is a defective verb. It has only perfect indicative forms with a present-tense meaning. It governs a noun or adjective in the accusative, or takes بِـ‎ (bi-) and the genitive.

‏لَسْتُ عَالِمًا‎‎ ― lastu ʿāliman ― I am not learned

‏لَسْتُ بِعَالِمٍ‎‎ ― lastu bi-ʿālimin ― I am not learned

لَيْسَ الرَّجُلُ جَمِيلًا

Conjugation

• Before consonantal endings, the diphthong -ay- is reduced to a short -a-:

	singular	dual	plural
1st person	لَسْتُ‎ (lastu)	لَسْنَا‎ (lasnā)
2nd person m	لَسْتَ‎ (lasta)	لَسْتُمَا‎ (lastumā)	لَسْتُمْ‎ (lastum)
2nd person f	لَسْتِ‎ (lasti)		لَسْتُنَّ‎ (lastunna)
3rd person m	لَيْسَ (laysa)	لَيْسَا‎ (laysā)	لَيْسُوا‎ (laysū)
3rd person f	لَيْسَتْ‎ (laysat)	لَيْسَتَا‎ (laysatā)	لَسْنَ‎ (lasna)

See also

• كَانَ‎ (kāna)

Particle

لَيْسَ • (laysa)

1. Used to negate verbs
   • 10th century, Al-Mutanabbi

     ‏وَلَيْسَ يَصِحُّ فِي الْأَفْهَامِ شَيْءٌ / إِذَا ٱحْتَاجَ النَّهَارُ إِلَى دَلِيلِ‎

     walaysa yaṣiḥḥu fī l-ʾafhāmi šayʾun / ʾiḏā ḥtāja n-nahāru ʾilā dalīli

     (please add an English translation of this quote)

Conjunction

لَيْسَ • (laysa)

1. (rare, disputed) not (refers to a preceding context)
   • ‏أَيْنَ الْمَفَرُّ وَالْإِلَهُ الطَّالِبُ
     وَالْأَشْرَمُ الْمَغْلُوبُ لَيْسَ الْغَالِبُ‎

     ʾayna l-mafarru wa-l-ʾilahu ṭ-ṭālibu
     wa-l-ʾašramu l-maḡlūbu laysa l-ḡālibu

     (please add an English translation of this quote)

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /la.ji.sa/

Verb

لَيِسَ • (layisa) I, non-past يَلْيَسُ‎‎ (yalyasu)

1. to be valiant, to be brave, to be courageous

Conjugation

Conjugation of

لَيِسَ

(form-I sound, verbal noun لَيَس)

verbal noun الْمَصْدَر						لَيَس layas
active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل						لَايِس‎ lāyis
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم
		singular الْمُفْرَد				dual الْمُثَنَّى			plural الْجَمْع
		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب		1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم	2nd person الْمُخَاطَب	3rd person الْغَائِب
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي	m	لَيِسْتُ‎ layistu	لَيِسْتَ‎ layista	لَيِسَ layisa		لَيِسْتُمَا‎ layistumā	لَيِسَا‎ layisā		لَيِسْنَا‎ layisnā	لَيِسْتُمْ‎ layistum	لَيِسُوا‎ layisū
	f		لَيِسْتِ‎ layisti	لَيِسَتْ‎ layisat			لَيِسَتَا‎ layisatā			لَيِسْتُنَّ‎ layistunna	لَيِسْنَ‎ layisna
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع	m	أَلْيَسُ‎ ʾalyasu	تَلْيَسُ‎ talyasu	يَلْيَسُ‎ yalyasu		تَلْيَسَانِ‎ talyasāni	يَلْيَسَانِ‎ yalyasāni		نَلْيَسُ‎ nalyasu	تَلْيَسُونَ‎ talyasūna	يَلْيَسُونَ‎ yalyasūna
	f		تَلْيَسِينَ‎ talyasīna	تَلْيَسُ‎ talyasu			تَلْيَسَانِ‎ talyasāni			تَلْيَسْنَ‎ talyasna	يَلْيَسْنَ‎ yalyasna
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب	m	أَلْيَسَ‎ ʾalyasa	تَلْيَسَ‎ talyasa	يَلْيَسَ‎ yalyasa		تَلْيَسَا‎ talyasā	يَلْيَسَا‎ yalyasā		نَلْيَسَ‎ nalyasa	تَلْيَسُوا‎ talyasū	يَلْيَسُوا‎ yalyasū
	f		تَلْيَسِي‎ talyasī	تَلْيَسَ‎ talyasa			تَلْيَسَا‎ talyasā			تَلْيَسْنَ‎ talyasna	يَلْيَسْنَ‎ yalyasna
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم	m	أَلْيَسْ‎ ʾalyas	تَلْيَسْ‎ talyas	يَلْيَسْ‎ yalyas		تَلْيَسَا‎ talyasā	يَلْيَسَا‎ yalyasā		نَلْيَسْ‎ nalyas	تَلْيَسُوا‎ talyasū	يَلْيَسُوا‎ yalyasū
	f		تَلْيَسِي‎ talyasī	تَلْيَسْ‎ talyas			تَلْيَسَا‎ talyasā			تَلْيَسْنَ‎ talyasna	يَلْيَسْنَ‎ yalyasna
imperative الْأَمْر	m		اِلْيَسْ‎ ilyas			اِلْيَسَا‎ ilyasā				اِلْيَسُوا‎ ilyasū
	f		اِلْيَسِي‎ ilyasī							اِلْيَسْنَ‎ ilyasna

Noun

لَيَس • (layas) m

1. verbal noun of لَيِسَ (layisa) (form I)

Declension

Declension of noun لَيَس (layas)

Singular	basic singular triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	لَيَس layas	اللَّيَس‎ al-layas	لَيَس layas
Nominative	لَيَسٌ layasun	اللَّيَسُ‎ al-layasu	لَيَسُ layasu
Accusative	لَيَسًا‎ layasan	اللَّيَسَ‎ al-layasa	لَيَسَ layasa
Genitive	لَيَسٍ layasin	اللَّيَسِ‎ al-layasi	لَيَسِ layasi

Adjective

لِيس • (līs) m pl

1. masculine plural of أَلْيَس‎ (ʾalyas)

References

1. Lane, Edward William (1863), “ليس”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 1625-1627
2. David Wilmsen (2016), page 330, Another Croft cycle in Arabic: The laysa negative existential cycle. Advance online publication.
3. Ahmad Al-Jallad (2018), The earliest attestation of laysa and the implications for its etymology. Advance online publication.