فرنگ

فرنگ

Persian

Alternative forms

• افرنگ‎ (afrang)
• فرنک‎ (farank)

Etymology

From Old French franc.

First attested in Safarnama of Nasir Khusrow (written in 1045–1052).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /faˈɾanɡ/

• (Dari Persian) IPA^(key): /faˈɾanɡ/

• (Iranian Persian) IPA^(key): /fæˈɾænɡ/

• (Tajik) IPA^(key): /faˈɾanɡ/

Noun

فرنگ • (farang)

1. (archaic) Frank, French
2. (archaic) crusader
   • 1184–1291, Saadi, Golestan

     ‏از صحبت یاران دمشقم ملالتی پدید آمده بود، سر در بیابان قدس نهادم و با حیوانات انس گرفتم تا وقتی که اسیر قید فرنگ شدم و در خندق طرابلس با جهودانم به کارگل داشتند.‎‎

     az suhbat-i yārān-i Damišqam malālati padīd āmada būd, sar dar biyābān-i Quds nahādam u bā haywānāt uns giriftam tā waqtī ki asīr-i qayd-i Farang šudam u dar xandaq-i Tarābulus bā Jahūdānam ba kārgil dāštand.

     I was upset from my Damascene friends and went to the desert of Palestine (...), until I was taken as captive by the Franks/Crusaders and they sent me with Jews as forced labourers to Tripoli, [Lebanon].

3. (archaic) European
4. (archaic) Christian
   • 1141–1209, Nezami

     ‏فرنگ فلسطین و رهبان روم
     پذیرای فرمان مهرش چو موم‎

     Farang-i Filistīn u rahbān-i Rōm
     paḏīrā-yi farmān-i mihraš ču mōm

     (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms

• فرنگی‎ (farangi)
• (French): فرانسوی‎ (farânsavi)
• (European): اروپایی‎ (orupâyi)
• (Christian): مسیحی‎ (masihi)

Derived terms

• فرنگی‎ (farangi)
• فرنگستان‎ (farangestân)

Descendants

• → Hindustani:

  Hindi: फ़िरंगी (firaṅgī)

  Urdu: فرنگ‎ (farang)

  • → Burmese: ဘရင်ဂျီ (bha.ranggyi)
• → Khmer: បារាំង (baarang)
• → Pashto: فرنګ‎ (farang)
• → Thai: ฝรั่ง (fà-ràng)
  • → English: farang (“westerner who comes to Thailand”)
  • → Lao: ຝະລັ່ງ (fa lang), ຝະຫຼັ່ງ (fa lang)
  • → White Hmong: huablab

Proper noun

فرنگ • (farang)

1. (archaic) Francia
   • 1045–1052, Nasir Khusraw, Safarnama

     ‏باجگاهی است آن جا که کشتی های که از اطراف روم و فرنگ و اندلس و مغرب بیاید عشر به سلطان دهند‎

     bājgāhē ast ānjā ki kaštī-hā'ē ki az atrāf-i Rōm u Farang u Andalus u Mağrib biyāyand ušr ba sultān dahand.

     ... there is a place to collect tribute over there through which the ships that come from Rum [Anatolia], Francia, Al-Andalus, and Maghreb pay the tithe [ushr, one-tenth of the earned profit] to the sultan ...

2. (dated) France
3. (dated) Western world, especially Europe

Synonyms

• (France): فرانسه‎ (farânse)

References

• Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–), “فرنگ”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press