روم

روم

See also: زوم‎

Arabic

Etymology

From Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬‎ (Hrom), from Ancient Greek Ῥωμαῖοι (Rhōmaîoi, “Romans”), self-designation of the Byzantines.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ruːm/

Noun

رُوم • (rūm) m (collective, singulative رُومِيّ‎ m (rūmiyy), plural أَرْوَام‎ (ʾarwām))

1. (collective) Byzantines
   • 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 30:2-3:

     ‏غُلِبَتِ الرُّومُ فِي أَدْنَى الْأَرْضِ وَهُمْ مِنْ بَعْدِ غَلَبِهِم سَيَغْلِبُونَ‎

     ḡulibati ar-rūmu fī ʾadnā l-ʾarḍi wahum min baʿdi ḡalabihim sayaḡlibūna

     the Byzantines have been defeated in the land closest [to us], but after their defeat they will conquer

2. (collective) Greek Orthodox Christians

Declension

Declension of noun رُوم (rūm)

Collective	basic collective triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	رُوم rūm	الرُّوم‎ ar-rūm	رُوم rūm
Nominative	رُومٌ rūmun	الرُّومُ‎ ar-rūmu	رُومُ rūmu
Accusative	رُومًا‎ rūman	الرُّومَ‎ ar-rūma	رُومَ rūma
Genitive	رُومٍ rūmin	الرُّومِ‎ ar-rūmi	رُومِ rūmi
Singulative	basic singulative triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	رُومِي‎ rūmī	الرُّومِي‎ ar-rūmī	رُومِي‎ rūmī
Nominative	رُومِيٌّ‎ rūmiyyun	الرُّومِيُّ‎ ar-rūmiyyu	رُومِيُّ‎ rūmiyyu
Accusative	رُومِيًّا‎ rūmiyyan	الرُّومِيَّ‎ ar-rūmiyya	رُومِيَّ‎ rūmiyya
Genitive	رُومِيٍّ‎ rūmiyyin	الرُّومِيِّ‎ ar-rūmiyyi	رُومِيِّ‎ rūmiyyi
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	رُومِيَّيْن‎ rūmiyyayn	الرُّومِيَّيْن‎ ar-rūmiyyayn	رُومِيَّيْ‎ rūmiyyay
Nominative	رُومِيَّانِ‎ rūmiyyāni	الرُّومِيَّانِ‎ ar-rūmiyyāni	رُومِيَّا‎ rūmiyyā
Accusative	رُومِيَّيْنِ‎ rūmiyyayni	الرُّومِيَّيْنِ‎ ar-rūmiyyayni	رُومِيَّيْ‎ rūmiyyay
Genitive	رُومِيَّيْنِ‎ rūmiyyayni	الرُّومِيَّيْنِ‎ ar-rūmiyyayni	رُومِيَّيْ‎ rūmiyyay
Paucal (3-10)	basic broken paucal triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	رُوم rūm	الرُّوم‎ ar-rūm	رُوم rūm
Nominative	رُومٌ rūmun	الرُّومُ‎ ar-rūmu	رُومُ rūmu
Accusative	رُومًا‎ rūman	الرُّومَ‎ ar-rūma	رُومَ rūma
Genitive	رُومٍ rūmin	الرُّومِ‎ ar-rūmi	رُومِ rūmi
Plural of variety	basic broken plural triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	أَرْوَام‎ ʾarwām	الْأَرْوَام‎ al-ʾarwām	أَرْوَام‎ ʾarwām
Nominative	أَرْوَامٌ‎ ʾarwāmun	الْأَرْوَامُ‎ al-ʾarwāmu	أَرْوَامُ‎ ʾarwāmu
Accusative	أَرْوَامًا‎ ʾarwāman	الْأَرْوَامَ‎ al-ʾarwāma	أَرْوَامَ‎ ʾarwāma
Genitive	أَرْوَامٍ‎ ʾarwāmin	الْأَرْوَامِ‎ al-ʾarwāmi	أَرْوَامِ‎ ʾarwāmi

References

• Wehr, Hans (1979), “روم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN

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Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

From Arabic رُوم‎ (rūm), from Latin Roma.

Proper noun

روم • (Rum)

1. Roman
2. A name inconsistently applied to various areas that formerly belonged to the Roman Empire.

Derived terms

• روم‌ایلی‎ (“Rumelia”)

Descendants

• Turkish: Rum
• → Laz: ურუმი (urumi), რუმი (rumi)

References

• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “Rum”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890), “روم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 994

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Persian

Etymology 1

From Arabic رُوم‎ (rūm), from Middle Persian 𐭧𐭫𐭥𐭬‎ (Hrōm).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /ɾuːm/

• (Dari Persian) IPA^(key): /ɾuːm/

• (Iranian Persian) IPA^(key): /ɾuːm/

• (Tajik) IPA^(key): /ɾum/

Proper noun

Dari	روم
Iranian Persian
Tajik	Рум (Rum)

روم • (rum)

1. (historical) Ancient Rome

   ‏روم باستان‎ ― rum-e bâstân ― Ancient Rome

   ‏جمهوری روم‎ ― jomhuri-ye rum ― Roman Republic

2. (dated, historical) the Byzantine Empire

   Synonym: بیزانس‎ (bizâns)

3. (archaic) Asia Minor, Anatolia
4. (archaic, historical) the Ottoman Empire

Usage notes

• In premodern sources, روم‎ (rum) usually refers to Byzantium or the former Byzantine territories in Anatolia, as medieval Persians did not have any clear knowledge of pre-Byzantine Rome. The Ottoman Turks are conventionally termed رومی‎ (rumi), because they inhabited the former Byzantine lands.
• It is sometimes used vaguely for any enemy of Iran in the west. In the Shahnama epic tradition, Rome is one of the three kingdoms into which the world is divided, along with Iran in the center and Turan/the Turks in the east. Alexander the Great is typically considered Roman.
• In poetry, the pale-skinned Romans or Turks are used as metaphors for light, whiteness, or the day, and are contrasted with the darkness, blackness, or night of زنگ‎ (zang, “Africa, Abyssinia”).

Derived terms

• رومی‎ (rumi)
• یا رومی روم، یا زنگی زنگ‎ (yâ rumi-ye rum, yâ zangi-ye zang)
• نه رومی روم، نه زنگی زنگ‎ (na rumi-ye rum, na zangi-ye zang)

Etymology 2

From English Rome.

Pronunciation

• (Dari Persian) IPA^(key): /ɾoːm/

Noun

Dari	روم
Iranian Persian	رُم‎
Tajik	Рум (Rum)

روم • (rôm)

1. (Dari) Rome, a city in Italy.