دشمن

دشمن

Azerbaijani

Noun

دشمن (düşmən) (definite accusative دشمنی‎ (düşməni), plural دشمنلر‎ (düşmənlər))

1. Arabic spelling of düşmən (“enemy”)

Declension

Declension of دشمن

	singular	plural
nominative	دشمن	دشمنلر‎
definite accusative	دشمنی‎	دشمنلری‎
dative	دشمنه‎	دشمنلره‎
locative	دشمنده‎	دشمنلرده‎
ablative	دشمندن‎	دشمنلردن‎
definite genitive	دشمنین‎	دشمنلرین‎

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Baluchi

Noun

دشمن • (dušman)

1. enemy

See also

• دژمن‎ (dužman)

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Khalaj

Noun

دُشمَن (duşman) (definite accusative دُشمَنؽ‎, plural دُشمَنلار‎)

1. Arabic spelling of duşman (“enemy”)

Declension

Declension of دُشمَن

	singular	plural
nominative	دُشمَن	دُشمَنلار‎
genitive	دُشمَنؽین‎	دُشمَنلارؽین‎
dative	دُشمَنقا‎, دُشمَنا‎	دُشمَنلارقا‎, دُشمَنلارا‎
definite accusative	دُشمَنؽ‎	دُشمَنلارؽ‎
locative	دُشمَنچا‎	دُشمَنلارچا‎
ablative	دُشمَندا‎	دُشمَنلاردا‎
instrumental	دُشمَنلا‎	دُشمَنلارلا‎
equative	دُشمَنوارا‎	دُشمَنلاروارا‎
quantitative	دُشمَنقَدَر‎	دُشمَنلارقَدَر‎

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Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian دشمن‎ (došman) (compare Avar тушман (tušman), Azerbaijani düşmən, Baluchi دژمن‎ (dužman), دشمن‎ (dušman), Bashkir дошман (doşman), Bengali দুশমন (duśômônô), Chuvash тӑшман (tăšman), Crimean Tatar duşman, Gujarati દુશ્મન (duśman), Kazakh дұшпан (dūşpan), Kumyk душман (duşman), Northern Kurdish dijmin, دوژمن‎ (dujmin), Macedonian душман (dušman), Moksha душман (dušman), Pashto دوښمن‎ (duӽmán), دښمن‎ (doӽmán), Punjabi ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ (duśmaṇ), Russian душма́н (dušmán), Sindhi دشمن‎, Southern Altai тушман (tušman), Tajik душман (dušman), Turkmen duşman, Urdu دشمن‎ (duśman), Uyghur دۈشمەن‎ (düshmen), Uzbek dushman, Zazaki dışmen).

Noun

دشمن • (düşmen, düşman)

1. enemy, foe
   • 1927 October, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Nutuk‎, page 500:

     ‏دشمنلر و خلیفه‌لر برابر اوله‌بیلیرلر و هر شی یاپمغه تشبث ایده‌بیلیرلر. فقط ، یكی توركیه‌نك طرز اداره‌سنی ، سیاستنی ، قوتی قطعیاً صارصه‌مزلر.‎‎

     Düşmanlar ve halifeler beraber olabilirler ve her şey yapmaya teşebbüs edebilirler. Fakat, yeñi Türkiye'nin tarz idaresini, siyasetini, kuvveti katiyen sarsamazlar.

     (please add an English translation of this quote)

Descendants

• Turkish: düşman
• → Bulgarian: душман (dušman), душманин (dušmanin)
• → Laz: დუშმენი (duşmeni), დუშმანი (duşmani)
• → Macedonian: душман (dušman)
• → Romanian: dușman, dușmancă
• → Russian: душман (dušman)
• → Serbo-Croatian: ду̏шман / dȕšman
• → Urdu: دشمن‎ (duśman)

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Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian [script needed] (dwšmn'), [script needed] (dwšmyn'), 𐫅𐫇𐫢𐫖𐫏𐫗‎ (dwšmyn /dušmēn/, “enemy”), from Proto-Iranian *dušmánah, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *dus- (“bad”) + *men- (“mind”), but compare English man, Sanskrit मनु (manu, “thinking, wise, intelligent”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /duʃˈman/

• (Dari Persian) IPA^(key): /dʊʃˈman/

• (Iranian Persian) IPA^(key): /doʃˈmæn/

• (Tajik) IPA^(key): /duʃˈman/

Noun

Dari	دشمن
Iranian Persian
Tajik	душман (dušman)

دشمن • (došman) (plural دشمنان‎ (došmanân))

1. enemy

Inflection

Enclitic-attached forms of دشمن (došman)

Basic forms of دشمن (došman) singular plural bare دشمن (došmán) دشمن‌ها (došman-hấ) دشمنا △ (došmanấ) definitive direct object دشمن را (došmán râ) دشمن رو △ (došmáno) دشمن‌ها را (došman-hấ râ) دشمنا رو △ (došmanấ ro) ezâfe دشمن (došmán-e) دشمن‌های (došman-hấ-ye) دشمنای △ (došmanấ-ye) marked indefinite or relative definite دشمنی (došmán-i) دشمن‌هایی (došmanấn-i, došman-hấ-i) دشمنایی △ (došmanấi) △ Colloquial.     Possessive forms of دشمن (došman) singular plural 1st person singular (“my”) دشمنم‎ (došmánam) دشمن‌هایم‎ (došman-hấyam) دشمن‌هام، دشمنام‎ △ (došmanấm) 2nd person singular (“your”) دشمنت‎ (došmánat) [Term?] △ (došmánet) دشمن‌هایت‎ (došman-hấyat) دشمن‌هات، دشمنات‎ △ (došmanất) 3rd person singular (“his, her, its”) دشمنش‎ (došmánaš) [Term?] △ (došmáneš) دشمن‌هایش‎ (došman-hấyaš) دشمن‌هاش، دشمناش‎ △ (došmanấš) 1st plural (“our”) دشمنمان‎ (došmánemân) دشمنمون‎ △ (došmánemun) دشمن‌هایمان‎ (došman-hấyemân) دشمن‌هامون، دشمنامون‎ △ (došmanấmun) 2nd plural (“your”) دشمنتان‎ (došmánetân) دشمنتون‎ △ (došmánetun) دشمن‌هایتان‎ (došman-hấyetân) دشمن‌هاتون، دشمناتون‎ △ (došmanấtun) 3rd plural (“their”) دشمنشان‎ (došmánešân) دشمنشون‎ △ (došmánešun) دشمن‌هایشان‎ (došman-hấyešân) دشمن‌هاشون، دشمناشون‎ △ (došmanấšun) △ Colloquial.     Predicative forms of دشمن (došman) singular plural 1st person (“I am, we are”) دشمنم‎ (došmánam) دشمنیم‎ (došmánim) 2nd person (“you are”) دشمنی‎ (došmáni) دشمنید‎ (došmánid) دشمنین‎ △ (došmánin) 3rd person (“he/she/it is, they are”) دشمن است‎ (došmán ast) دشمنه‎ △ (došmáne) دشمنند‎ (došmánand) دشمنن‎ △ (došmánan) △ Colloquial.

Antonyms

• دوست‎ (dust)

Derived terms

• دشمنی‎ (došmani)

Descendants

• → Armenian: դուշման (dušman)
• → Assamese: দুছমন (dusomon)
• → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܕܸܫ̃ܡܸܢ‎ (dižmin)
• → Avar: тушман (tušman)
• → Azerbaijani: düşmən, дүшмән
• → Bashkir: дошман (doşman)
• → Bengali: দুশমন (duśômônô)
• → Chuvash: тӑшман (tăšman)
• → Eastern Mari: тушман (tušman)
• → Erzya: душман (dušman)
• → Hindi: दुश्मन (duśman)
• → Kazakh: дұшпан (dūşpan)
• → Khalaj: duşman
• → Kyrgyz: душман (duşman), тушман (tuşman)
• → Moksha: душман (dušman)
• → Old Tati:

  Old Azari: دشمن‎ (dusmon)

• → Ottoman Turkish: دشمن‎, دشمن‎ (düşmen)
  • → Turkish: düşman
  • → Laz: დუშმენი (duşmeni), დუშმანი (duşmani)
  • → Bulgarian: душман (dušman), душманин (dušmanin)
  • → Macedonian: душман (dušman)
  • → Romanian: dușman, dușmancă
  • → Serbo-Croatian: ду̏шман, dȕšman
• → Marathi: दुशमन (duśman)
• → Nepali: दुस्मन (dusman), दुश्मन (duśman)
• → Punjabi: ਦੁਸ਼ਮਣ (duśmaṇ), ਦੁਸਮਣ (dusmaṇ)
• → Romani: duśman
• → Russian: душма́н (dušmán)
• → Santali: ᱫᱩᱥᱢᱚᱱ (dusmôn)
• → Sylheti: ꠖꠥꠡ꠆ꠝꠘ (duśmono)
• → Turkmen: душман, duşman
• → Udi: дуьшмаьн (düšmän)
• → Urdu: دشمن‎ (duśman)
• → Uzbek: душман (dushman), dushman

References

• Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1973), “թշնամի”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume II, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, pages 191–192

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Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian دشمن‎ (došman).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /d̪ʊʃ.mən/
• Rhymes: -ən

Noun

دُشْمَن • (duśman) m (Hindi spelling दुश्मन)

1. enemy, foe
2. opponent

   Synonym: مُخالف‎ (muxālif)

Declension

Declension of دشمن
	singular	plural
direct	دُشمن‎ (duśman)	دُشمن‎ (duśman)
oblique	دُشمن‎ (duśman)	دُشمنوں‎ (duśmanō̃)
vocative	دُشمن‎ (duśman)	دُشمنو‎ (duśmanō)

Related terms

• دشمنی‎ (duśmanī)

References

• S. W. Fallon (1879), “دشمن”, in A New Hindustani-English Dictionary, Banaras, London: Trubner and Co.
• “دشمن”, in اُردُو لُغَت (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
• Platts, John T. (1884), “دشمن”, in A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English, London: W. H. Allen & Co.
• Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971), “دشمن”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary‎, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.
• “دشمن”, in Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2023.
• John Shakespear (1834), “دشمن”, in A dictionary, Hindustani and English: with a copious index, fitting the work to serve, also, as a dictionary of English and Hindustani, 3^rd edition, London: J.L. Cox and Son, OCLC 875051092