خواب

See also: جواب‎

Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian 𐭧𐭥𐭠𐭡‎ (hwʾb /xvāb/), from Proto-Iranian *hwápati, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *swap-, from Proto-Indo-European *swep- (“to dream”).[1] Compare Northern Kurdish xew, xewn, Russian спать (spatʹ), and Ancient Greek ὕπνος (húpnos, “sleep”), whence hypnosis.

Pronunciation

(Classical Persian) IPA^(key): /xʷɑːb/

(Dari Persian) IPA^(key): /xɑːb/

(Iranian Persian) IPA^(key): /xɒːb/

(Tajik) IPA^(key): /xɔb/

Noun

Iranian Persian	خواب
Dari	خواب
Tajik	хоб (xob)

خواب • (xâb)

sleep
- c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 26”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]‎:
  ‏سر فرا گوش من آورد، به آواز حزین
  گفت: ای عاشق دیرینه من خوابت هست؟‎‎
  sar farā gōš-i man āward ba āwāz-i hazīn
  guft ay āšiq-i dērīna-yi man xwāb-at hast?
  He brought his head close to my ear and, in a plaintive voice,
  Said, "Hey, old-time lover of mine, are you asleep [lit. is sleep upon you]?"
  (Classical Persian transliteration)
- c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 464”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]‎:
  ‏چون من خیال رویت جانا به خواب بینم
  کز خواب می‌نبیند چشمم به جز خیالی‎
  čōn man xayāl-i rōy-at jān-ā ba xwāb bēnam
  k-az xwāb mē-na-bēnad čašm-am ba juz xayālē
  My love, how can I glimpse your face in dreams
  When my eyes cannot get but a single glimpse of sleep?
  (Classical Persian transliteration)
- c. 1720, 'Abd al-Qādir Bēdil, دیوان بیدل [The Divān of Bēdil]:
  ‏بیداری میان دو خواب است هستیم
  گرد تخیل دو سراب است هستیم‎
  bīdārī-yi miyān-i dō xwāb ast hastēm
  gard-i taxayyul-i dō sarāb ast hastēm
  There is wakefulness between two slumbers; that is us;
  There is the dust of fancies between two mirages; that is us.
  (Classical Persian transliteration)
dream
Synonym: رؤیا‎ (ro'yâ)
- c. 930, Rōdakī, دیوان رودکی [The Divān of Rōdakī]:
  ‏این جهان پاک خواب کردار است
  آن شناسد که دلش بيدار است‎
  īn jahān pāk xwāb kirdār ast
  ān šināsad ki dil-aš bidār ast
  This world acts wholly like a dream;
  He whose heart is awake shall realize it.
  (Classical Persian transliteration)
- c. 1185, Shihāb al-Dīn Suhrawardī, پرتونامه [The Book of Illumination]:
  ‏رئیس طبیعی شود عالم را، و او را از عالم اعلا نصرت رسد و سخن او در عالم علوی مسموع باشد، و خواب و الهام او به کمال رسد.‎‎
  ra'īs-i tabī'ī šawad ālim rā, u ō rā az ālim-i a'lā nusrat rasad o suxan-i ō dar ālim-i ulwī masmū' bāšad, u xwāb u ilhām-i ō ba kamāl rasad.
  He shall become the natural ruler of the world; succor shall come to him from the sublime world, and his word shall be obeyed in the celestial world; his dreams and inspirations shall reach perfection.
  (Classical Persian transliteration)
- c. 1390, Shams-ud-Dīn Muḥammad Ḥāfiẓ, “Ghazal 464”, in دیوان حافظ [The Divān of Ḥāfiẓ]‎:
  ‏چون من خیال رویت جانا به خواب بینم
  کز خواب می‌نبیند چشمم به جز خیالی‎
  čōn man xayāl-i rōy-at jān-ā ba xwāb bēnam
  k-az xwāb mē-na-bēnad čašm-am ba juz xayālē
  My love, how can I glimpse your face in dreams
  When my eyes cannot get but a single glimpse of sleep?
  (Classical Persian transliteration)

Derived terms

verbs

به خواب رفتن‎ (be xâb raftan, “to go to sleep”)
خواب آمدن‎ (xâb âmadan, “to feel sleepy”)
خواب از سر پریدن‎ (xâb az sar paridan)
خواب بردن‎ (xâb bordan, “to fall asleep”)
خواب دیدن‎ (xâb didan, “to dream”)
خوابیدن‎ (xâbidan, “to sleep”)

others

تختخواب‎ (taxtexâb, “bed”)
خوابگاه‎ (xābgāh, “dormitory”)
خوابیده‎ (xābide)
رختخواب‎ (raxtexâb, “bedroll”)

Related terms

خفتن‎ (xoftan, “to sleep”)

Descendants

→ Bengali: খোয়াব (khwab), খোওয়াব (khowab), খ্বাব (khwab)
→ Hindustani: xvāb, xāb, khāb
Hindi: ख़्वाब, ख़ाब, खाब
Urdu: خواب‎

Adjective

خواب • (xâb)

asleep

References

Nourai, Ali (2011) An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 462

Urdu

Etymology

Borrowed from Classical Persian ‎ (xvāb), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *swap-, from Proto-Indo-European *swep- (“to dream”). Doublet of سپنا‎ (sapnā).

Pronunciation

(Standard Urdu) IPA^(key): /xɑːb/, /xwɑːb/
Rhymes: -ɑːb

Noun

خْواب • (xvāb) m (Hindi spelling ख़्वाब)

dream
Synonyms: (rare) سپنا‎ (sapnā), رؤیا‎ (rū'yā)

Declension

Declension of خواب
	singular	plural
direct	خواب‎ (xvāb)	خواب‎ (xvāb)
oblique	خواب‎ (xvāb)	خوابوں‎ (xvābō̃)
vocative	خواب‎ (xvāb)	خوابو‎ (xvābō)

Related terms

خواب گاہ‎ (xāb gāh or xvāb gāh, “bedroom”)
خوابیدہ‎ (xābidah or xvābidah, “asleep”)
خواب دیکھنا‎‎ (xāb dekhnā or xvāb dekhna, “to dream”)

References

“خواب”, in اُردُو لُغَت (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
“خواب”, in Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2023.

[1] Nourai, Ali (2011) An Etymological Dictionary of Persian, English and other Indo-European Languages, page 462