خ م ر

خ م ر

See also: خمر‎, حمر‎, جمر‎, ح م ر‎, and ج م ر‎

Arabic

Etymology

Note that the meanings related to fermentation have been deemed to descend from Aramaic derivations of the root ח־מ־ר‎ / ܚ-ܡ-ܪ‎ (ḥ-m-r). Compare also ح م ض‎ (ḥ-m-ḍ) “sour”, cognate to Hebrew ח־מ־ץ‎ (ḥ-m-ṣ, “sour”) and to Aramaic ח־מ־ע‎ / ܚ-ܡ-ܥ‎ (ḥ-m-ʿ) which is also used for fermentation.

Root

خ م ر • (ḵ-m-r)

1. Related to covering
2. Related to rising (of dough) or fermentation

Derived terms

• Form I: خَمَرَ‎ (ḵamara)
  • Active participle: خَامِر‎ (ḵāmir)
  • Passive participle: مَخْمُور‎ (maḵmūr)
• Form II: خَمَّرَ‎ (ḵammara)
  • Verbal noun: تَخْمِير‎ (taḵmīr)
  • Active participle: مُخَمِّر‎ (muḵammir)
  • Passive participle: مُخَمَّر‎ (muḵammar)
• Form III: خَامَرَ‎ (ḵāmara)
  • Verbal noun: مُخَامَرَة‎ (muḵāmara), خِمَار‎ (ḵimār)
  • Active participle: مُخَامِر‎ (muḵāmir)
  • Passive participle: مُخَامَر‎ (muḵāmar)
• Form IV: أَخْمَرَ‎ (ʾaḵmara)
  • Verbal noun: إِخْمَار‎ (ʾiḵmār)
  • Active participle: مُخْمِر‎ (muḵmir)
  • Passive participle: مُخْمَر‎ (muḵmar)
• Form V: تَخَمَّرَ‎ (taḵammara)
  • Verbal noun: تَخَمُّر‎ (taḵammur)
  • Active participle: مُتَخَمِّر‎ (mutaḵammir)
  • Passive participle: مُتَخَمَّر‎ (mutaḵammar)
• Form VI: تَخَامَرَ‎ (taḵāmara)
  • Verbal noun: تَخَامُر‎ (taḵāmur)
  • Active participle: مُتَخَامِر‎ (mutaḵāmir)
  • Passive participle: مُتَخَامَر‎ (mutaḵāmar)
• Form VIII: اِخْتَمَرَ‎ (iḵtamara)
  • Verbal noun: اِخْتِمَار‎ (iḵtimār)
  • Active participle: مُخْتَمِر‎ (muḵtamir)
  • Passive participle: مُخْتَمَر‎ (muḵtamar)
• Form X: اِسْتَخْمَرَ‎ (istaḵmara)
  • Verbal noun: اِسْتِخْمَار‎ (istiḵmār)
  • Active participle: مُسْتَخْمِر‎ (mustaḵmir)
  • Passive participle: مُسْتَخْمَر‎ (mustaḵmar)

• خَمْر‎ (ḵamr)
• خَمْرَة‎ (ḵamra)
• خَمَر‎ (ḵamar)
• خَمِر‎ (ḵamir)
• خِمْر‎ (ḵimr)
• خِمِّير‎ (ḵimmīr)
• خَمِير‎ (ḵamīr)
• خَمِيرَة‎ (ḵamīra)
• خِمَار‎ (ḵimār)
• خِمْرَة‎ (ḵimra)
• خُمَار‎ (ḵumār)
• خُمْرَة‎ (ḵumra)
• خَمّار‎ (ḵammār)
• خَمَّارَة‎ (ḵammāra)

Further reading

• “ḥmr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
• “ḥmr”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
• Dozy, Reinhart Pieter Anne (1881), “خ م ر”, in Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes (in French), volume 2, Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 403–404
• Guidi, Ignazio (1879) Della sede primitiva dei popoli semitici (in Italian), Rome: Tipi del Salviucci, page 43
• Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 158 seqq.
• Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, pages 160–161
• Freytag, Georg (1830), “خ م ر”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 523–525
• Jacob, Georg (1897) Altarabisches Beduinenleben nach den Quellen geschildert‎ (in German), 2nd edition, Berlin: Mayer & Müller, page 99
• Jeffery, Arthur (1938) The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 125–126
• Kazimirski, Albin de Biberstein (1860), “خ م ر”, in Dictionnaire arabe-français contenant toutes les racines de la langue arabe, leurs dérivés, tant dans l’idiome vulgaire que dans l’idiome littéral, ainsi que les dialectes d’Alger et de Maroc (in French), volume 1, Paris: Maisonneuve et C^ie, pages 630–632
• Kogan, Leonid (2015) Genealogical Classification of Semitic. The Lexical Isoglosses, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, →ISBN, page 418
• Lagarde, Paul de (1889) Übersicht über die im Aramäischen, Arabischen und Hebräischen übliche Bildung der Nomina (Abhandlungen der Königlichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen; 35)‎ (in German), Göttingen: Dieterichsche Verlags-Buchhandlung, page 207
• Lane, Edward William (1863), “خ م ر”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate, pages 807–810
• Richter, Paul, Arzt für Hautkrankheiten in Berlin (1913), “Beiträge zur Geschichte der alkoholhaltigen Getränke bei den orientalischen Völkern und des Alkohols”, in Archiv für die Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Technik‎ (in German), volume 4, Leipzig: F. C. W. Vogel, page 440
• Wehr, Hans (1979), “خ م ر”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN, pages 302–303