خشخاش

خشخاش

Arabic

خَشْخَاش

Etymology

From Persian خشخاش‎ (xašxâš).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xaʃ.xaːʃ/

Noun

خَشْخَاش • (ḵašḵāš) m (collective, singulative خَشْخَاشَة‎ f (ḵašḵāša), plural خَشَاخِيش‎ (ḵašāḵīš))

1. poppy (Papaver gen. et spp.)

Declension

Declension of noun خَشْخَاش (ḵašḵāš)

Collective	basic collective triptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَشْخَاش ḵašḵāš	الْخَشْخَاش‎ al-ḵašḵāš	خَشْخَاش ḵašḵāš
Nominative	خَشْخَاشٌ ḵašḵāšun	الْخَشْخَاشُ‎ al-ḵašḵāšu	خَشْخَاشُ ḵašḵāšu
Accusative	خَشْخَاشًا‎ ḵašḵāšan	الْخَشْخَاشَ‎ al-ḵašḵāša	خَشْخَاشَ ḵašḵāša
Genitive	خَشْخَاشٍ ḵašḵāšin	الْخَشْخَاشِ‎ al-ḵašḵāši	خَشْخَاشِ ḵašḵāši
Singulative	singulative triptote in ـَة (-a)
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَشْخَاشَة‎ ḵašḵāša	الْخَشْخَاشَة‎ al-ḵašḵāša	خَشْخَاشَة‎ ḵašḵāšat
Nominative	خَشْخَاشَةٌ‎ ḵašḵāšatun	الْخَشْخَاشَةُ‎ al-ḵašḵāšatu	خَشْخَاشَةُ‎ ḵašḵāšatu
Accusative	خَشْخَاشَةً‎ ḵašḵāšatan	الْخَشْخَاشَةَ‎ al-ḵašḵāšata	خَشْخَاشَةَ‎ ḵašḵāšata
Genitive	خَشْخَاشَةٍ‎ ḵašḵāšatin	الْخَشْخَاشَةِ‎ al-ḵašḵāšati	خَشْخَاشَةِ‎ ḵašḵāšati
Dual	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَشْخَاشَتَيْن‎ ḵašḵāšatayn	الْخَشْخَاشَتَيْن‎ al-ḵašḵāšatayn	خَشْخَاشَتَيْ‎ ḵašḵāšatay
Nominative	خَشْخَاشَتَانِ‎ ḵašḵāšatāni	الْخَشْخَاشَتَانِ‎ al-ḵašḵāšatāni	خَشْخَاشَتَا‎ ḵašḵāšatā
Accusative	خَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ‎ ḵašḵāšatayni	الْخَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ‎ al-ḵašḵāšatayni	خَشْخَاشَتَيْ‎ ḵašḵāšatay
Genitive	خَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ‎ ḵašḵāšatayni	الْخَشْخَاشَتَيْنِ‎ al-ḵašḵāšatayni	خَشْخَاشَتَيْ‎ ḵašḵāšatay
Paucal (3-10)	sound feminine paucal
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَشْخَاشَات‎ ḵašḵāšāt	الْخَشْخَاشَات‎ al-ḵašḵāšāt	خَشْخَاشَات‎ ḵašḵāšāt
Nominative	خَشْخَاشَاتٌ‎ ḵašḵāšātun	الْخَشْخَاشَاتُ‎ al-ḵašḵāšātu	خَشْخَاشَاتُ‎ ḵašḵāšātu
Accusative	خَشْخَاشَاتٍ‎ ḵašḵāšātin	الْخَشْخَاشَاتِ‎ al-ḵašḵāšāti	خَشْخَاشَاتِ‎ ḵašḵāšāti
Genitive	خَشْخَاشَاتٍ‎ ḵašḵāšātin	الْخَشْخَاشَاتِ‎ al-ḵašḵāšāti	خَشْخَاشَاتِ‎ ḵašḵāšāti
Plural of variety	basic broken plural diptote
	Indefinite	Definite	Construct
Informal	خَشَاخِيش‎ ḵašāḵīš	الْخَشَاخِيش‎ al-ḵašāḵīš	خَشَاخِيش‎ ḵašāḵīš
Nominative	خَشَاخِيشُ‎ ḵašāḵīšu	الْخَشَاخِيشُ‎ al-ḵašāḵīšu	خَشَاخِيشُ‎ ḵašāḵīšu
Accusative	خَشَاخِيشَ‎ ḵašāḵīša	الْخَشَاخِيشَ‎ al-ḵašāḵīša	خَشَاخِيشَ‎ ḵašāḵīša
Genitive	خَشَاخِيشَ‎ ḵašāḵīša	الْخَشَاخِيشِ‎ al-ḵašāḵīši	خَشَاخِيشِ‎ ḵašāḵīši

Descendants

• →⇒ Aragonese: cascall
• →⇒ Catalan: cascall
  • → Spanish: cascal (Murcia)

References

• Corriente, Federico (2008), “cascal”, in Dictionary of Arabic and Allied Loanwords. Spanish, Portuguese, Catalan, Galician and Kindred Dialects (Handbook of Oriental Studies; 97), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 251a
• Freytag, Georg (1830), “خشخاش”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 488
• Wehr, Hans; Kropfitsch, Lorenz (1985), “خشخاش”, in Arabisches Wörterbuch für die Schriftsprache der Gegenwart (in German), 5th edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, published 2011, →ISBN, page 336

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Persian

خشخاش

Etymology

Related to Central Kurdish قاشقاشە‎ (qaşqaşe), Pashto قشقاق‎ (qašqâš), قاشقاش‎ (qâšqâš), and further likely to Middle Armenian կակաչ (kakačʿ), Georgian ყაყაჩო (q̇aq̇ačo), Karachay-Balkar къачхач (qaçxaç), Kumyk шакъшакъ (şaqşaq), Abaza къвашвхӏа (qʷʼašʷḥa), Kabardian ӏущхьэ (ʷʼuśḥe), Japanese 芥子 (けし, keshi), all denoting "(opium) poppy".

According to Pictet, ultimately from Sanskrit खस्खस (khaskhasa, “poppy”), a reduplication of खस (khasa, “itch, scab”), because poppy was supposedly used against it. Note also the Sanskrit compound खसतिल (khasa-tila, “poppy”).

Noun

خشخاش • (xašxâš)

1. opium poppy

Descendants

• → Arabic: خَشْخَاش‎ (ḵašḵāš)
  • →⇒ Aragonese: cascall
  • →⇒ Catalan: cascall
    • → Spanish: cascal (Murcia)
• → Assyrian Neo-Aramaic: ܚܫܚܫ‎ (ḥašḥāš)
• → Azerbaijani: xaşxaş
• → Georgian: ხაშხაში (xašxaši), ღაჟღაჟი (ɣažɣaži), ღაშღაში (ɣašɣaši)
• → Kumyk: хашхаш (xaşxaş)
• → Middle Armenian: խաշխաշ (xašxaš)
  • Armenian: խաշխաշ (xašxaš)
• → Northern Kurdish: xaşxaş
• → Ottoman Turkish: خشخاش‎ (haşhaş)
  • Turkish: haşhaş
• → Pashto: خاشخاش‎ (xâšxâš)

Further reading

• Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1973), “խաշխաշ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume II, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 333
• Pictet, Adolphe (1859) Les origines indo-européennes, ou Les Aryas primitifs: essai de paléontologie linguistique, volume I, Paris: J. Cherbuliez, pages 295–296
• Šaniʒe, Aḳaḳi (1980) Kartuli enis gramaṭiḳis sapuʒvlebi [Basics of Georgian Grammar] (Txzulebani tormeṭ ṭomad; 3) (in Georgian), Tbilisi: Tbilisi State University Press, § 182, page 150
• Xabičev, M. A. (1980) Vzaimovlijanije jazykov narodov Zapadnovo Kavkaza [The language interaction of Western Caucasus peoples] (in Russian), Cherkessk: Karačajevo-Čerkesskoje otdelenije Stavropolʹskovo knižnovo izdatelʹstva, page 29