خردل
Arabic
Etymology
Uncertain, previous comparisons to an Akkadian source have been depreciated as uninformed readings; compare Hebrew חַרְדָּל (ḥardal), Jewish Palestinian Aramaic חרדלא (ḥardlā), Jewish Babylonian Aramaic חַרְדְּלָא (ḥardlā), Classical Syriac ܚܪܕܠܐ (ḥardlā), and potentially Akkadian 𒄷𒊏𒁺 (/ḫurādu/, “unidentified aromatic plant possibly in reference to mustard seeds; aromatic seed or spice mix”, literally “pebbles, little stones”); perhaps connected ultimately to Proto-Semitic *ḥaraθ- (“to sow, to plant seeds, to till, to plow, to cultivate”) or Sumerian 𒌑𒄯𒄯 (/ḫarḫar/, “unidentified plant yielding seeds used as a spice”) of uncertain provenance.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /xar.dal/
Noun
خَرْدَل • (ḵardal) m (collective, singulative خَرْدَلَة f (ḵardala))
- mustard (plant and condiment)
Declension
Collective | basic collective triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | خَرْدَل ḵardal | الْخَرْدَل al-ḵardal | خَرْدَل ḵardal |
Nominative | خَرْدَلٌ ḵardalun | الْخَرْدَلُ al-ḵardalu | خَرْدَلُ ḵardalu |
Accusative | خَرْدَلًا ḵardalan | الْخَرْدَلَ al-ḵardala | خَرْدَلَ ḵardala |
Genitive | خَرْدَلٍ ḵardalin | الْخَرْدَلِ al-ḵardali | خَرْدَلِ ḵardali |
Singulative | singulative triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | خَرْدَلَة ḵardala | الْخَرْدَلَة al-ḵardala | خَرْدَلَة ḵardalat |
Nominative | خَرْدَلَةٌ ḵardalatun | الْخَرْدَلَةُ al-ḵardalatu | خَرْدَلَةُ ḵardalatu |
Accusative | خَرْدَلَةً ḵardalatan | الْخَرْدَلَةَ al-ḵardalata | خَرْدَلَةَ ḵardalata |
Genitive | خَرْدَلَةٍ ḵardalatin | الْخَرْدَلَةِ al-ḵardalati | خَرْدَلَةِ ḵardalati |
Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
Informal | خَرْدَلَتَيْن ḵardalatayn | الْخَرْدَلَتَيْن al-ḵardalatayn | خَرْدَلَتَيْ ḵardalatay |
Nominative | خَرْدَلَتَانِ ḵardalatāni | الْخَرْدَلَتَانِ al-ḵardalatāni | خَرْدَلَتَا ḵardalatā |
Accusative | خَرْدَلَتَيْنِ ḵardalatayni | الْخَرْدَلَتَيْنِ al-ḵardalatayni | خَرْدَلَتَيْ ḵardalatay |
Genitive | خَرْدَلَتَيْنِ ḵardalatayni | الْخَرْدَلَتَيْنِ al-ḵardalatayni | خَرْدَلَتَيْ ḵardalatay |
Paucal (3-10) | sound feminine paucal | ||
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | خَرْدَلَات ḵardalāt | الْخَرْدَلَات al-ḵardalāt | خَرْدَلَات ḵardalāt |
Nominative | خَرْدَلَاتٌ ḵardalātun | الْخَرْدَلَاتُ al-ḵardalātu | خَرْدَلَاتُ ḵardalātu |
Accusative | خَرْدَلَاتٍ ḵardalātin | الْخَرْدَلَاتِ al-ḵardalāti | خَرْدَلَاتِ ḵardalāti |
Genitive | خَرْدَلَاتٍ ḵardalātin | الْخَرْدَلَاتِ al-ḵardalāti | خَرْدَلَاتِ ḵardalāti |
Descendants
- → Middle Armenian: խարտալ (xartal)
- → Persian: خردل (xardal)
- → Hindustani:
- Hindi: ख़र्दल (xardal)
- Urdu: خردل (xardal)
- → Hindustani:
- → Swahili: haradali
References
- Levey, Martin (1973) Early Arabic Pharmacology. An Introduction Based on Ancient and Medieval Sources, Leiden: Brill, page 60
Persian
Etymology
From Arabic خَرْدَل (ḵardal).
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian): IPA(key): /xaɾdal/
- (Dari): IPA(key): /xaɾdal/
- (Iranian Persian): IPA(key): /xæɾdæl/
- (Tajik): IPA(key): /xaɾdal/
Noun
خردل • (xardal)
- mustard
- Synonym: سپندان (sepandân)
Descendants
- → Hindustani:
- Hindi: ख़र्दल (xardal)
- Urdu: خردل (xardal)
Urdu
Etymology
Borrowed from Persian خردل (xardal), from Arabic خَرْدَل (ḵardal).
Noun
خردل • (xardal) m (Hindi spelling ख़र्दल)
- mustard