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单词 خراج
释义

خراج

Arabic

Etymology 1

From خ ر ج (ḵ-r-j) in the sense “to extract” or “take out”, with phono-semantic matching of Middle Persian apparently in an unattested by-form of by-itself Iranian-origin 𐫍𐫡𐫃‎ (hrg‎ /harg/), 𐫟𐫡𐫃‎ (xrg‎ /xarg/), 𐫆𐫡𐫵𐫃 (hrːg /harg/, tribute) surfacing as Old Armenian հարկ (hark) etc., an already Old Persian contamination *𐏃𐎼𐎠𐎣 (ha-ra-a-ka /*harāka/, tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property) on the model of Imperial Aramaic 𐡄𐡋𐡊𐡀 (hlkʾ /hălāḵā/, tribute, tax, any public charge based on land property), itself calqued from Akkadian 𒅋𒆪 (il-ku /ilku/, corvée, tribute, any public charge based on land property). Also attested several times in Biblical Aramaic הֲלָכָא (/hălāḵā/) but otherwise missing in Aramaic.

Noun

خَرَاج (ḵarāj) m (plural أَخْرَاج (ʾaḵrāj) or أَخْرِجَة (ʾaḵrija))

  1. public levy, subsidy; poll-tax, tribute
Declension
Descendants
  • English: kharaj
  • Azerbaijani: xərac
  • French: kharaj
  • Middle Armenian: խարաճ (xarač)
  • Ottoman Turkish: خراج (haraç)
    • Turkish: haraç
    • Bulgarian: хара́ч (haráč), хара́дж (harádž)
    • Greek: χαράτσι (charátsi)
    • Hungarian: harács
    • Macedonian: харач (harač)
    • Polish: haracz
    • Romanian: haraci
    • Serbo-Croatian: hàrāč / ха̀ра̄ч
  • Persian: خراج (xarâj)
    • Punjabi: ਖਰਾਜ (kharāj)
    • Urdu: خراج (xarāj)
  • Polish: charadż
  • Russian: хара́дж (xarádž)
  • Spanish: jarach

Etymology 2

From the root خ ر ج (ḵ-r-j).

Noun

خُرَاج or خُرَّاج (ḵurāj or ḵurrāj) m (plural خُرَاجَات (ḵurājāt) or خُرَّاجَات (ḵurrājāt))

  1. abscess, boil, aposteme
Declension
Alternative forms
  • خُرَاجَة (ḵurāja)
Descendants
  • Ottoman Turkish: خراج (huraç, hurraç)

References

  • hlk”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
  • Burrow, Thomas (1935), “Iranian Words in the Kharoṣṭhi Documents from Chinese Turkestan—II”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, volume 7, issue 4, page 788 of 779–790
  • Henning, Walter Bruno (1935), “Arabisch ḫarāǧ”, in Orientalia, volume 4 (Nova Series), DOI:10.2307/43581063, pages 291–293
  • Kaufman, Stephen A. (1974) The Akkadian Influences on Aramaic (The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago Assyriological Studies; 19), Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, →ISBN, page 58

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology 1

From Arabic خَرَاج (ḵarāj).

Noun

خراج (haraç)

  1. public levy, subsidy; poll tax, tribute
  2. a tax on land held by non-Muslims
Derived terms
  • خراججی (haraccı, tax collector, noun)
  • خراجگزار (haraç-güzar, tributary, noun)
Descendants
  • Turkish: haraç
  • Bulgarian: хара́ч (haráč), хара́дж (harádž)
  • Greek: χαράτσι (charátsi)
  • Hungarian: harács
  • Macedonian: харач (harač)
  • Polish: haracz
  • Romanian: haraci
  • Serbo-Croatian: hàrāč / ха̀ра̄ч

Etymology 2

From Arabic خُرَاج (ḵurāj).

Noun

خراج (huraç, hurraç)

  1. abscess, boil, aposteme

References

  • Kélékian, Diran (1911), خراج”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, Constantinople: Mihran, page 534a
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