خام

خام

See also: حام‎, جام‎, and چام‎

Ottoman Turkish

Etymology

Borrowed from Persian خام‎ (xâm, “raw”).

Adjective

خام • (ham)

1. raw, uncooked, not cooked

   Synonym: چیك‎ (çiğ)

2. raw, crude, unrefined
3. unripe, immature, green
4. untrained, unaccustomed to work
5. inexperienced, raw, unseasoned
6. ill-considered, unreasonable

Derived terms

• خاملق‎ (hamlık, “rawness; unripeness”)

Descendants

• Turkish: ham

Further reading

• Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007), “ham”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1855
• Kélékian, Diran (1911), “خام”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, Constantinople: Mihran, page 529
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687), “Crudus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum, Vienna, column 304
• Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680), “خام”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum, Vienna, column 1845
• Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “ham”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
• Redhouse, James W. (1890), “خام”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 825

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Pashto

Etymology

From Persian خام‎ (xām). Doublet of اوم‎ which was inherited.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /xɑm/

Adjective

خام • (xâm)

1. raw, uncooked (of food)
2. unpaved (of a road)
3. unripe (of fruit)

Synonyms

• اوم‎

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Persian

Etymology

From Middle Persian [script needed] (hʾm /xām/, “crude, raw”), from Proto-Iranian *HaHmáh, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eh₃mós (“raw, uncooked”). Compare Pashto اوم‎ (um, “raw, uncooked”), Sanskrit आम (āma, “raw, uncooked”), Ancient Greek ὠμός (ōmós, “raw, crude”).

Pronunciation

• (Classical Persian): IPA^(key): /xɑːm/

• (Dari): IPA^(key): /xɒːm/

• (Iranian Persian): IPA^(key): /xɒːm/
• (Tajik): IPA^(key): /xɔːm/

Adjective

Dari	خام
Iranian Persian
Tajik	хом (xom)

خام • (xâm) (comparative خام‌تَر‎ (xâm-tar), superlative خام‌تَرین‎ (xâm-tarin))

1. raw; crude; uncooked; unrefined

   ‏گوشت خام‎ ― gušt-e xâm ― raw meat

   ‏لاستیک خام‎ ― lâstik-e xâm ― raw rubber

   ‏سنگ خام‎ ― sang-e xâm ― raw ore

   • c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, Reynold A. Nicholson, transl., مثنوی معنوی‎ [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 129:

     ‏عاقبت تو رفت خواهی ناتمام
     کارهاات ابتر و نان تو خام‎

     'âqebat to raft xâhi nâtamâm
     kâr-hâ-yat abtar o nân-e to xâm

     At the end you will depart incomplete, your affairs marred and your bread unbaked.

2. fresh; green; inexperienced, untrained
   • c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, Reynold A. Nicholson, transl., مثنوی معنوی‎ [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume III, verse 4457:

     ‏زان بگرداند به هر سو آن لگام
     تا خبر یابد ز فارس اسپ خام‎

     z-ân be-gardânad be har su ân legâm
     tâ xabar yâbad ze fâres asp-e xâm

     He turns the bridle in every direction in order that the untrained horse may gain knowledge of the rider.

3. vain; idle (of thoughts, etc.)

   ‏آرزوی خام‎ ― ârezu-ye xâm ― idle wish

   • c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, Reynold A. Nicholson, transl., مثنوی معنوی‎ [Masnavi-ye-Ma'navi], volume I, verse 1057:

     ‏گفت من گفتم که عهد آن خسان
     خام باشد خام و سست و نارسان‌‌‎

     goft man goftam ke 'ahd-e ân xasân
     xâm bâšad, xâm o sost o nâresân

     "I said," cried [the lion], "that the promise of those vile ones would be vain—vain and frail and unfulfilled."

Descendants

• → Azerbaijani: xam
• → Georgian: ხამი (xami)
• → Ottoman Turkish: خام‎ (ham)
  • Turkish: ham
  • → Armenian: խամ (xam)
• → Pashto: خام‎ (xâm)

References

• MacKenzie, D. N. (1971), “xām”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 93
• Vullers, Johann August (1855), “خام”, in Lexicon Persico-Latinum etymologicum cum linguis maxime cognatis Sanscrita et Zendica et Pehlevica comparatum, e lexicis persice scriptis Borhâni Qâtiu, Haft Qulzum et Bahâri agam et persico-turcico Farhangi-Shuûrî confectum, adhibitis etiam Castelli, Meninski, Richardson et aliorum operibus et auctoritate scriptorum Persicorum adauctum (in Latin), volume I, Bonn: Adolf Marcus, page 646

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Southeast Pashayi

Noun

خام (xām)

1. boy

Further reading

• Abd-El-Malek Lamuwal; Adam Baker (2013), “Southeastern Pashayi”, in Journal of the International Phonetic Association, volume 43, Cambridge: International Phonetic Association, pages 243-246