خاتم
Arabic
Alternative forms
- خَاتَام (ḵātām), خَيْتَام (ḵaytām), خَاتِيَام (ḵātiyām)
Etymology
Of uncertain chain of etymology; once thought to be a borrowing from Aramaic, but deemed unlikely as had the word been borrowed from Biblical Hebrew חוֹתָם (ḥōtām) or Aramaic חוֹתָמָא (ḥōtāmā) / ܚܵܘܬܵܡܵܐ (ḥāwtāmā, “seal”), it would probably have started with a /ḥ/, unless the Arabic has been borrowed from it in the incipient 1st millennium BC or earlier when Aramaic still distinguished the sounds; the initial /ḫ/ in Arabic word suggests therefore that it is derived from the same source as the latter. Ultimately suspected to be from or related to Egyptian ḫtm (“seal”), however not being attested in Akkadian or Ugaritic. The root خ ت م (ḵ-t-m) “related to finishing, sealing” would then be derived from this borrowing; the like in every Semitic language.
Alternatively, there is a hypothetical reconstruction as Proto-Afroasiatic *qatam- (“ring, signet”), being the source of both the Proto-Semitic *ḫatm- and Egyptian ḫtm, as well as Miya katam (“ring”) potentially a separate West Chadic development. Compare also طَابَع (ṭābaʿ, “seal, stamp”), representing an Akkadian equivalent and for more on the foreign pattern فَاعَل (fāʿal) see عَالَم (ʿālam).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /xaː.tam/, /xaː.tim/
Audio (file)
Noun
خَاتَم • (ḵātam) m (plural خَوَاتِم (ḵawātim))
- signet, seal ring
- ring
Declension
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | خَاتَم ḵātam | الْخَاتَم al-ḵātam | خَاتَم ḵātam |
| Nominative | خَاتَمٌ ḵātamun | الْخَاتَمُ al-ḵātamu | خَاتَمُ ḵātamu |
| Accusative | خَاتَمًا ḵātaman | الْخَاتَمَ al-ḵātama | خَاتَمَ ḵātama |
| Genitive | خَاتَمٍ ḵātamin | الْخَاتَمِ al-ḵātami | خَاتَمِ ḵātami |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | خَاتَمَيْن ḵātamayn | الْخَاتَمَيْن al-ḵātamayn | خَاتَمَيْ ḵātamay |
| Nominative | خَاتَمَانِ ḵātamāni | الْخَاتَمَانِ al-ḵātamāni | خَاتَمَا ḵātamā |
| Accusative | خَاتَمَيْنِ ḵātamayni | الْخَاتَمَيْنِ al-ḵātamayni | خَاتَمَيْ ḵātamay |
| Genitive | خَاتَمَيْنِ ḵātamayni | الْخَاتَمَيْنِ al-ḵātamayni | خَاتَمَيْ ḵātamay |
| Plural | basic broken plural diptote | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | خَوَاتِم ḵawātim | الْخَوَاتِم al-ḵawātim | خَوَاتِم ḵawātim |
| Nominative | خَوَاتِمُ ḵawātimu | الْخَوَاتِمُ al-ḵawātimu | خَوَاتِمُ ḵawātimu |
| Accusative | خَوَاتِمَ ḵawātima | الْخَوَاتِمَ al-ḵawātima | خَوَاتِمَ ḵawātima |
| Genitive | خَوَاتِمَ ḵawātima | الْخَوَاتِمِ al-ḵawātimi | خَوَاتِمِ ḵawātimi |
Descendants
- Maltese: ħatem
- Moroccan Arabic: خاتم (ḵātim)
References
- Fraenkel, Siegmund (1886) Die aramäischen Fremdwörter im Arabischen (in German), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 252
- Fraenkel, Siegmund (1880) De vocabulis in antiquis Arabum carminibus et in Corano peregrinis (in Latin), Leiden: E. J. Brill, page 17
- Jeffery, Arthur (1938) The Foreign Vocabulary of the Qurʾān (Gaekwad’s Oriental Series; 79), Baroda: Oriental Institute, pages 120–121
- Leslau, Wolf (1991) Comparative Dictionary of Geʿez (Classical Ethiopic), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, pages 267–268
- Nöldeke, Theodor (1875) Mandäische Grammatik (in German), Halle: Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses, page 112
Ottoman Turkish
Etymology
Borrowed from Arabic خَاتَم (ḵātam, “signet, seal ring”).
Noun
خاتم • (hatem) (plural خواتم)
- ring, a round piece of precious metal worn around a finger
- Synonyms: حلقه (halka), یوزوك (yüzük)
- signet, a ring used to impress a design into the sealing wax
- seal, a stamp used to impress a design on a soft substance
- the impression of such stamp on a material used for sealing
- inlaid mosaic of ivory, ebony, metals or other materials
Derived terms
- خاتمی (hatemi, “seal-engraver”)
Related terms
- مختوم (mahtum, “sealed”)
Descendants
- Turkish: hatem
Further reading
- Çağbayır, Yaşar (2007), “hatem2”, in Ötüken Türkçe Sözlük (in Turkish), volume 1, Istanbul: Ötüken Neşriyat, page 1897
- Kélékian, Diran (1911), “خاتم”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, Constantinople: Mihran, page 525
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1687), “Annulus”, in Complementum thesauri linguarum orientalium, seu onomasticum latino-turcico-arabico-persicum, simul idem index verborum lexici turcico-arabico-persici, quod latinâ, germanicâ, aliarumque linguarum adjectâ nomenclatione nuper in lucem editum, Vienna, column 65
- Meninski, Franciszek à Mesgnien (1680), “خاتم”, in Thesaurus linguarum orientalium, Turcicae, Arabicae, Persicae, praecipuas earum opes à Turcis peculiariter usurpatas continens, nimirum Lexicon Turkico-Arabico-Persicum, Vienna, column 1829
- Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “hatem”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
- Redhouse, James W. (1890), “خاتم”, in A Turkish and English Lexicon, Constantinople: A. H. Boyajian, page 818
Persian
Etymology
Borrowed from Arabic خَاتَم (ḵātam).
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): /xɑːˈtam/
- (Dari Persian) IPA(key): /xɑːˈtam/
- (Iranian Persian) IPA(key): /xɒːˈtæm/
- (Tajik) IPA(key): /xɔˈtam/
Noun
خاتَم • (xâtam)
- a drawing
- ornamented decoration, patterned or inlaid motifs
- Synonym: نَقش (naqš)
- (archaic) a seal, a signet
- Synonym: مُهر (mohr)
- (archaic) a ring
- Synonym: اَنگُشتَر (angoštar)
- (archaic) a command, an edict
- Synonym: فَرمان (farmân)
Proper noun
خاتم • (xâtam)
- a male given name, Khatam or Khaatam, from Arabic
Derived terms
- حَرفِ خاتَم (harf-e-xâtam, “ornated caligraphy”)
- خاتَم کَردَن (xâtam kardan, “to inlay”)
References
- Dehkhoda, Ali-Akbar (1931–), “خاتم”, in Dehkhoda Dictionary Institute, editors, Dehkhoda Dictionary (in Persian), Tehran: University of Tehran Press