حمد
See also: جمد and ح م د
Arabic
Etymology 1
From the root ح م د (ḥ-m-d).
Verb
حَمِدَ • (ḥamida) I, non-past يَحْمَدُ (yaḥmadu)
- to speak well of (something or someone); to praise; to commend; to laud, to acclaim, to hail, to applaud; to eulogize, to exalt
- Synonyms: أَثْنَى (ʔaṯnā), أَشَادَ (ʔašāda)
- Antonym: ذَمَّ (ḏamma)
- حَمِدَهُ عَلَى صَنِيعِهِ وَسُمُوِّ خُلُقِهِ
- ḥamidahu ʕalā ṣanīʕihi wasumuwwi ḵuluqihi
- He praised him for his actions and his noble character.
- 609–632 CE, Qur'an, 3:188:
- لَا تَحۡسَبَنَّ ٱلَّذِينَ يَفۡرَحُونَ بِمَاۤ أَتَوا۟ وَّيُحِبُّونَ أَن يُحۡمَدُوا۟ بِمَا لَمۡ يَفۡعَلُوا۟ فَلَا تَحۡسَبَنَّهُم بِمَفَازَةࣲ مِّنَ الْعَذَابِ ۖ وَلَهُمۡ عَذَابٌ أَلِيمࣱ
- lā taḥsabanna llaḏīna yafraḥūna bi-mā ʔataw wayuḥibbūna ʔan yuḥmadū bi-mā lam yafʕalū fa-lā taḥsabannahum bi-mafāzatin mina l-ʕaḏābi wa-lahum ʕaḏābun ʔalīmun
- Do not think that those who joy in what they carry out and love to be praised for what they do not do will escape torment. Theirs is [indeed] an agonizing torment.
- to praise or exalt (a deity)
- Synonyms: سَبَّحَ (sabbaḥa, “to praise”), مَجَّدَ (majjada, “to glorify”), عَظَّمَ (ʕaẓẓama, “to exalt, to magnify”)
- حَمِدَ اللهَ وَأَثْنَى عَلَيْهِ
- ḥamida llāha waʔaṯnā ʕalayhi
- He exalted and praised Allah.
- to praise (someone) as a sign of gratitude; to thank
- Synonym: شَكَرَ (šakara)
- to find (something or someone) pleasant or agreeable; to approve; to admire
- Synonym: رَضِيَ (raḍiya)
- حَمِدَ فِعْلَهُ وَمَذْهَبَهُ
- ḥamida fiʕlahu wamaḏhabahu
- He approved of his deeds and beliefs.
Conjugation
Conjugation of
حَمِدَ
(form-I sound, verbal nouns حَمْد or مَحْمَد or مَحْمِد or مَحْمَدَة or مَحْمِدَة)verbal nouns الْمَصَادِر | حَمْد or مَحْمَد or مَحْمِد or مَحْمَدَة or مَحْمِدَة ḥamd or maḥmad or maḥmid or maḥmada or maḥmida | |||||||||||
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active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل | حَامِد ḥāmid | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول | مَحْمُود maḥmūd | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد | dual الْمُثَنَّى | plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي | m | حَمِدْتُ ḥamidtu | حَمِدْتَ ḥamidta | حَمِدَ ḥamida | حَمِدْتُمَا ḥamidtumā | حَمِدَا ḥamidā | حَمِدْنَا ḥamidnā | حَمِدْتُمْ ḥamidtum | حَمِدُوا ḥamidū | |||
f | حَمِدْتِ ḥamidti | حَمِدَتْ ḥamidat | حَمِدَتَا ḥamidatā | حَمِدْتُنَّ ḥamidtunna | حَمِدْنَ ḥamidna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع | m | أَحْمَدُ ʔaḥmadu | تَحْمَدُ taḥmadu | يَحْمَدُ yaḥmadu | تَحْمَدَانِ taḥmadāni | يَحْمَدَانِ yaḥmadāni | نَحْمَدُ naḥmadu | تَحْمَدُونَ taḥmadūna | يَحْمَدُونَ yaḥmadūna | |||
f | تَحْمَدِينَ taḥmadīna | تَحْمَدُ taḥmadu | تَحْمَدَانِ taḥmadāni | تَحْمَدْنَ taḥmadna | يَحْمَدْنَ yaḥmadna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب | m | أَحْمَدَ ʔaḥmada | تَحْمَدَ taḥmada | يَحْمَدَ yaḥmada | تَحْمَدَا taḥmadā | يَحْمَدَا yaḥmadā | نَحْمَدَ naḥmada | تَحْمَدُوا taḥmadū | يَحْمَدُوا yaḥmadū | |||
f | تَحْمَدِي taḥmadī | تَحْمَدَ taḥmada | تَحْمَدَا taḥmadā | تَحْمَدْنَ taḥmadna | يَحْمَدْنَ yaḥmadna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم | m | أَحْمَدْ ʔaḥmad | تَحْمَدْ taḥmad | يَحْمَدْ yaḥmad | تَحْمَدَا taḥmadā | يَحْمَدَا yaḥmadā | نَحْمَدْ naḥmad | تَحْمَدُوا taḥmadū | يَحْمَدُوا yaḥmadū | |||
f | تَحْمَدِي taḥmadī | تَحْمَدْ taḥmad | تَحْمَدَا taḥmadā | تَحْمَدْنَ taḥmadna | يَحْمَدْنَ yaḥmadna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر | m | اِحْمَدْ iḥmad | اِحْمَدَا iḥmadā | اِحْمَدُوا iḥmadū | ||||||||
f | اِحْمَدِي iḥmadī | اِحْمَدْنَ iḥmadna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد | dual الْمُثَنَّى | plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي | m | حُمِدْتُ ḥumidtu | حُمِدْتَ ḥumidta | حُمِدَ ḥumida | حُمِدْتُمَا ḥumidtumā | حُمِدَا ḥumidā | حُمِدْنَا ḥumidnā | حُمِدْتُمْ ḥumidtum | حُمِدُوا ḥumidū | |||
f | حُمِدْتِ ḥumidti | حُمِدَتْ ḥumidat | حُمِدَتَا ḥumidatā | حُمِدْتُنَّ ḥumidtunna | حُمِدْنَ ḥumidna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع | m | أُحْمَدُ ʔuḥmadu | تُحْمَدُ tuḥmadu | يُحْمَدُ yuḥmadu | تُحْمَدَانِ tuḥmadāni | يُحْمَدَانِ yuḥmadāni | نُحْمَدُ nuḥmadu | تُحْمَدُونَ tuḥmadūna | يُحْمَدُونَ yuḥmadūna | |||
f | تُحْمَدِينَ tuḥmadīna | تُحْمَدُ tuḥmadu | تُحْمَدَانِ tuḥmadāni | تُحْمَدْنَ tuḥmadna | يُحْمَدْنَ yuḥmadna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب | m | أُحْمَدَ ʔuḥmada | تُحْمَدَ tuḥmada | يُحْمَدَ yuḥmada | تُحْمَدَا tuḥmadā | يُحْمَدَا yuḥmadā | نُحْمَدَ nuḥmada | تُحْمَدُوا tuḥmadū | يُحْمَدُوا yuḥmadū | |||
f | تُحْمَدِي tuḥmadī | تُحْمَدَ tuḥmada | تُحْمَدَا tuḥmadā | تُحْمَدْنَ tuḥmadna | يُحْمَدْنَ yuḥmadna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم | m | أُحْمَدْ ʔuḥmad | تُحْمَدْ tuḥmad | يُحْمَدْ yuḥmad | تُحْمَدَا tuḥmadā | يُحْمَدَا yuḥmadā | نُحْمَدْ nuḥmad | تُحْمَدُوا tuḥmadū | يُحْمَدُوا yuḥmadū | |||
f | تُحْمَدِي tuḥmadī | تُحْمَدْ tuḥmad | تُحْمَدَا tuḥmadā | تُحْمَدْنَ tuḥmadna | يُحْمَدْنَ yuḥmadna |
References
- Lane, Edward William (1863), “حمد”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate
Verb
حَمِدَ • (ḥamida) I, non-past يَحْمَدُ (yaḥmadu)
- (rare, obsolete, construed with عَلَى (ʕalā)) to be angry with
- Synonyms: غَضِبَ (ḡaḍiba), سَخِطَ (saḵiṭa), ضَمِدَ (ḍamida)
Conjugation
Conjugation of
حَمِدَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun حَمَد)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر | حَمَد ḥamad | |||||||||||
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active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل | حَامِد ḥāmid | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول | مَحْمُود maḥmūd | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد | dual الْمُثَنَّى | plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي | m | حَمِدْتُ ḥamidtu | حَمِدْتَ ḥamidta | حَمِدَ ḥamida | حَمِدْتُمَا ḥamidtumā | حَمِدَا ḥamidā | حَمِدْنَا ḥamidnā | حَمِدْتُمْ ḥamidtum | حَمِدُوا ḥamidū | |||
f | حَمِدْتِ ḥamidti | حَمِدَتْ ḥamidat | حَمِدَتَا ḥamidatā | حَمِدْتُنَّ ḥamidtunna | حَمِدْنَ ḥamidna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع | m | أَحْمَدُ ʔaḥmadu | تَحْمَدُ taḥmadu | يَحْمَدُ yaḥmadu | تَحْمَدَانِ taḥmadāni | يَحْمَدَانِ yaḥmadāni | نَحْمَدُ naḥmadu | تَحْمَدُونَ taḥmadūna | يَحْمَدُونَ yaḥmadūna | |||
f | تَحْمَدِينَ taḥmadīna | تَحْمَدُ taḥmadu | تَحْمَدَانِ taḥmadāni | تَحْمَدْنَ taḥmadna | يَحْمَدْنَ yaḥmadna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب | m | أَحْمَدَ ʔaḥmada | تَحْمَدَ taḥmada | يَحْمَدَ yaḥmada | تَحْمَدَا taḥmadā | يَحْمَدَا yaḥmadā | نَحْمَدَ naḥmada | تَحْمَدُوا taḥmadū | يَحْمَدُوا yaḥmadū | |||
f | تَحْمَدِي taḥmadī | تَحْمَدَ taḥmada | تَحْمَدَا taḥmadā | تَحْمَدْنَ taḥmadna | يَحْمَدْنَ yaḥmadna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم | m | أَحْمَدْ ʔaḥmad | تَحْمَدْ taḥmad | يَحْمَدْ yaḥmad | تَحْمَدَا taḥmadā | يَحْمَدَا yaḥmadā | نَحْمَدْ naḥmad | تَحْمَدُوا taḥmadū | يَحْمَدُوا yaḥmadū | |||
f | تَحْمَدِي taḥmadī | تَحْمَدْ taḥmad | تَحْمَدَا taḥmadā | تَحْمَدْنَ taḥmadna | يَحْمَدْنَ yaḥmadna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر | m | اِحْمَدْ iḥmad | اِحْمَدَا iḥmadā | اِحْمَدُوا iḥmadū | ||||||||
f | اِحْمَدِي iḥmadī | اِحْمَدْنَ iḥmadna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد | dual الْمُثَنَّى | plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي | m | — | — | حُمِدَ ḥumida | — | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع | m | — | — | يُحْمَدُ yuḥmadu | — | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب | m | — | — | يُحْمَدَ yuḥmada | — | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم | m | — | — | يُحْمَدْ yuḥmad | — | — | — | — | — | |||
f | — | — | — | — | — |
Verb
حَمَّدَ • (ḥammada) II, non-past يُحَمِّدُ (yuḥammidu)
- to praise highly or much, to extoll, to exalt, to belaud
- Synonym: مَدَّحَ (maddaḥa)
- Antonyms: أَنْكَرَ (ʔankara), عَابَ (ʕāba), ذَمَّمَ (ḏammama), شَنَّعَ (šannaʕa)
Conjugation
Conjugation of
حَمَّدَ
(form-II sound)verbal noun الْمَصْدَر | تَحْمِيد taḥmīd | |||||||||||
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active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل | مُحَمِّد muḥammid | |||||||||||
passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول | مُحَمَّد muḥammad | |||||||||||
active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد | dual الْمُثَنَّى | plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي | m | حَمَّدْتُ ḥammadtu | حَمَّدْتَ ḥammadta | حَمَّدَ ḥammada | حَمَّدْتُمَا ḥammadtumā | حَمَّدَا ḥammadā | حَمَّدْنَا ḥammadnā | حَمَّدْتُمْ ḥammadtum | حَمَّدُوا ḥammadū | |||
f | حَمَّدْتِ ḥammadti | حَمَّدَتْ ḥammadat | حَمَّدَتَا ḥammadatā | حَمَّدْتُنَّ ḥammadtunna | حَمَّدْنَ ḥammadna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع | m | أُحَمِّدُ ʔuḥammidu | تُحَمِّدُ tuḥammidu | يُحَمِّدُ yuḥammidu | تُحَمِّدَانِ tuḥammidāni | يُحَمِّدَانِ yuḥammidāni | نُحَمِّدُ nuḥammidu | تُحَمِّدُونَ tuḥammidūna | يُحَمِّدُونَ yuḥammidūna | |||
f | تُحَمِّدِينَ tuḥammidīna | تُحَمِّدُ tuḥammidu | تُحَمِّدَانِ tuḥammidāni | تُحَمِّدْنَ tuḥammidna | يُحَمِّدْنَ yuḥammidna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب | m | أُحَمِّدَ ʔuḥammida | تُحَمِّدَ tuḥammida | يُحَمِّدَ yuḥammida | تُحَمِّدَا tuḥammidā | يُحَمِّدَا yuḥammidā | نُحَمِّدَ nuḥammida | تُحَمِّدُوا tuḥammidū | يُحَمِّدُوا yuḥammidū | |||
f | تُحَمِّدِي tuḥammidī | تُحَمِّدَ tuḥammida | تُحَمِّدَا tuḥammidā | تُحَمِّدْنَ tuḥammidna | يُحَمِّدْنَ yuḥammidna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم | m | أُحَمِّدْ ʔuḥammid | تُحَمِّدْ tuḥammid | يُحَمِّدْ yuḥammid | تُحَمِّدَا tuḥammidā | يُحَمِّدَا yuḥammidā | نُحَمِّدْ nuḥammid | تُحَمِّدُوا tuḥammidū | يُحَمِّدُوا yuḥammidū | |||
f | تُحَمِّدِي tuḥammidī | تُحَمِّدْ tuḥammid | تُحَمِّدَا tuḥammidā | تُحَمِّدْنَ tuḥammidna | يُحَمِّدْنَ yuḥammidna | |||||||
imperative الْأَمْر | m | حَمِّدْ ḥammid | حَمِّدَا ḥammidā | حَمِّدُوا ḥammidū | ||||||||
f | حَمِّدِي ḥammidī | حَمِّدْنَ ḥammidna | ||||||||||
passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
singular الْمُفْرَد | dual الْمُثَنَّى | plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي | m | حُمِّدْتُ ḥummidtu | حُمِّدْتَ ḥummidta | حُمِّدَ ḥummida | حُمِّدْتُمَا ḥummidtumā | حُمِّدَا ḥummidā | حُمِّدْنَا ḥummidnā | حُمِّدْتُمْ ḥummidtum | حُمِّدُوا ḥummidū | |||
f | حُمِّدْتِ ḥummidti | حُمِّدَتْ ḥummidat | حُمِّدَتَا ḥummidatā | حُمِّدْتُنَّ ḥummidtunna | حُمِّدْنَ ḥummidna | |||||||
non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع | m | أُحَمَّدُ ʔuḥammadu | تُحَمَّدُ tuḥammadu | يُحَمَّدُ yuḥammadu | تُحَمَّدَانِ tuḥammadāni | يُحَمَّدَانِ yuḥammadāni | نُحَمَّدُ nuḥammadu | تُحَمَّدُونَ tuḥammadūna | يُحَمَّدُونَ yuḥammadūna | |||
f | تُحَمَّدِينَ tuḥammadīna | تُحَمَّدُ tuḥammadu | تُحَمَّدَانِ tuḥammadāni | تُحَمَّدْنَ tuḥammadna | يُحَمَّدْنَ yuḥammadna | |||||||
subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب | m | أُحَمَّدَ ʔuḥammada | تُحَمَّدَ tuḥammada | يُحَمَّدَ yuḥammada | تُحَمَّدَا tuḥammadā | يُحَمَّدَا yuḥammadā | نُحَمَّدَ nuḥammada | تُحَمَّدُوا tuḥammadū | يُحَمَّدُوا yuḥammadū | |||
f | تُحَمَّدِي tuḥammadī | تُحَمَّدَ tuḥammada | تُحَمَّدَا tuḥammadā | تُحَمَّدْنَ tuḥammadna | يُحَمَّدْنَ yuḥammadna | |||||||
jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم | m | أُحَمَّدْ ʔuḥammad | تُحَمَّدْ tuḥammad | يُحَمَّدْ yuḥammad | تُحَمَّدَا tuḥammadā | يُحَمَّدَا yuḥammadā | نُحَمَّدْ nuḥammad | تُحَمَّدُوا tuḥammadū | يُحَمَّدُوا yuḥammadū | |||
f | تُحَمَّدِي tuḥammadī | تُحَمَّدْ tuḥammad | تُحَمَّدَا tuḥammadā | تُحَمَّدْنَ tuḥammadna | يُحَمَّدْنَ yuḥammadna |
References
- Lane, Edward William (1863), “حمد”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate
Noun
حَمْد • (ḥamd) m
- verbal noun of حَمِدَ (ḥamida) (form I)
- praise, eulogy, commendation
- الْحَمْدُ لِلّٰهِ ― al-ḥamdu li-llāhi ― praise be to God
- kindness, favor, grace
- reward, thanks
Declension
Declension of noun حَمْد (ḥamd)
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | حَمْد ḥamd | الْحَمْد al-ḥamd | حَمْد ḥamd |
Nominative | حَمْدٌ ḥamdun | الْحَمْدُ al-ḥamdu | حَمْدُ ḥamdu |
Accusative | حَمْدًا ḥamdan | الْحَمْدَ al-ḥamda | حَمْدَ ḥamda |
Genitive | حَمْدٍ ḥamdin | الْحَمْدِ al-ḥamdi | حَمْدِ ḥamdi |
Descendants
- → Bengali: হামদ (hamd)
References
- Lane, Edward William (1863), “حمد”, in Arabic-English Lexicon, London: Williams & Norgate
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), “حمد”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, London: W.H. Allen
Noun
حَمَد • (ḥamad) m
- verbal noun of حَمِدَ (ḥamida) (form I)
Declension
Declension of noun حَمَد (ḥamad)
Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
---|---|---|---|
Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
Informal | حَمَد ḥamad | الْحَمَد al-ḥamad | حَمَد ḥamad |
Nominative | حَمَدٌ ḥamadun | الْحَمَدُ al-ḥamadu | حَمَدُ ḥamadu |
Accusative | حَمَدًا ḥamadan | الْحَمَدَ al-ḥamada | حَمَدَ ḥamada |
Genitive | حَمَدٍ ḥamadin | الْحَمَدِ al-ḥamadi | حَمَدِ ḥamadi |
Urdu
Etymology
Borrowed from Classical Persian حمد (hamd), taken from Arabic حَمْد (ḥamd).
Pronunciation
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /ɦəmd̪/
- Rhymes: -əmd̪
Noun
حَمْد • (ḥamd) f (Hindi spelling हम्द)
- praise (of God)
- hymn
- (rare) eulogy, commendation
Declension
Declension of حمد | ||
---|---|---|
singular | plural | |
direct | حمد (ḥamd) | حمدیں (ḥamdẽ) |
oblique | حمد (ḥamd) | حمدوں (ḥamdõ) |
vocative | حمد (ḥamd) | حمدو (ḥamdo) |
References
- “حمد”, in اُردُو لُغَت (in Urdu), Ministry of Education: Government of Pakistan, 2017.
- “حمد”, in Rekhta Dictionary [Urdu dictionary with meanings in Hindi & English], Noida, India: Rekhta Foundation, 2023.