بعر
Arabic
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بَعْر
Etymology
From بَعِير (baʿīr, “camel”), or compare جَعْر (jaʿr, “dung”), جَعَرَ (jaʿara, “to void one’s dung”). The only parallel form in Semitic is Classical Syriac ܒܥܘܿܪܴܐ (bəʿōrā, “dried dung”), while the animal term is widely attested in Semitic, so unlikely the reverse happened that from the name of dung came the animal name – as Hommel suggested –, which is also comparatively a generally less likely direction.
Pronunciation
- (verb) IPA(key): /ba.ʕa.ra/
- (noun) IPA(key): /baʕr/
Verb
بَعَرَ • (baʿara) I, non-past يَبْعَرُ (yabʿaru)
- to void dung, to evacuate, to throw out ordure (said of a cloven-hoofed beast)
Conjugation
Conjugation of
بَعَرَ
(form-I sound, verbal noun بَعْر)| verbal noun الْمَصْدَر | بَعْر baʿr | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| active participle اِسْم الْفَاعِل | بَاعِر bāʿir | |||||||||||
| passive participle اِسْم الْمَفْعُول | مَبْعُور mabʿūr | |||||||||||
| active voice الْفِعْل الْمَعْلُوم | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد | dual الْمُثَنَّى | plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي | m | بَعَرْتُ baʿartu | بَعَرْتَ baʿarta | بَعَرَ baʿara | بَعَرْتُمَا baʿartumā | بَعَرَا baʿarā | بَعَرْنَا baʿarnā | بَعَرْتُمْ baʿartum | بَعَرُوا baʿarū | |||
| f | بَعَرْتِ baʿarti | بَعَرَتْ baʿarat | بَعَرَتَا baʿaratā | بَعَرْتُنَّ baʿartunna | بَعَرْنَ baʿarna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع | m | أَبْعَرُ ʾabʿaru | تَبْعَرُ tabʿaru | يَبْعَرُ yabʿaru | تَبْعَرَانِ tabʿarāni | يَبْعَرَانِ yabʿarāni | نَبْعَرُ nabʿaru | تَبْعَرُونَ tabʿarūna | يَبْعَرُونَ yabʿarūna | |||
| f | تَبْعَرِينَ tabʿarīna | تَبْعَرُ tabʿaru | تَبْعَرَانِ tabʿarāni | تَبْعَرْنَ tabʿarna | يَبْعَرْنَ yabʿarna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب | m | أَبْعَرَ ʾabʿara | تَبْعَرَ tabʿara | يَبْعَرَ yabʿara | تَبْعَرَا tabʿarā | يَبْعَرَا yabʿarā | نَبْعَرَ nabʿara | تَبْعَرُوا tabʿarū | يَبْعَرُوا yabʿarū | |||
| f | تَبْعَرِي tabʿarī | تَبْعَرَ tabʿara | تَبْعَرَا tabʿarā | تَبْعَرْنَ tabʿarna | يَبْعَرْنَ yabʿarna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم | m | أَبْعَرْ ʾabʿar | تَبْعَرْ tabʿar | يَبْعَرْ yabʿar | تَبْعَرَا tabʿarā | يَبْعَرَا yabʿarā | نَبْعَرْ nabʿar | تَبْعَرُوا tabʿarū | يَبْعَرُوا yabʿarū | |||
| f | تَبْعَرِي tabʿarī | تَبْعَرْ tabʿar | تَبْعَرَا tabʿarā | تَبْعَرْنَ tabʿarna | يَبْعَرْنَ yabʿarna | |||||||
| imperative الْأَمْر | m | اِبْعَرْ ibʿar | اِبْعَرَا ibʿarā | اِبْعَرُوا ibʿarū | ||||||||
| f | اِبْعَرِي ibʿarī | اِبْعَرْنَ ibʿarna | ||||||||||
| passive voice الْفِعْل الْمَجْهُول | ||||||||||||
| singular الْمُفْرَد | dual الْمُثَنَّى | plural الْجَمْع | ||||||||||
| 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | 1st person الْمُتَكَلِّم | 2nd person الْمُخَاطَب | 3rd person الْغَائِب | |||||
| past (perfect) indicative الْمَاضِي | m | بُعِرْتُ buʿirtu | بُعِرْتَ buʿirta | بُعِرَ buʿira | بُعِرْتُمَا buʿirtumā | بُعِرَا buʿirā | بُعِرْنَا buʿirnā | بُعِرْتُمْ buʿirtum | بُعِرُوا buʿirū | |||
| f | بُعِرْتِ buʿirti | بُعِرَتْ buʿirat | بُعِرَتَا buʿiratā | بُعِرْتُنَّ buʿirtunna | بُعِرْنَ buʿirna | |||||||
| non-past (imperfect) indicative الْمُضَارِع الْمَرْفُوع | m | أُبْعَرُ ʾubʿaru | تُبْعَرُ tubʿaru | يُبْعَرُ yubʿaru | تُبْعَرَانِ tubʿarāni | يُبْعَرَانِ yubʿarāni | نُبْعَرُ nubʿaru | تُبْعَرُونَ tubʿarūna | يُبْعَرُونَ yubʿarūna | |||
| f | تُبْعَرِينَ tubʿarīna | تُبْعَرُ tubʿaru | تُبْعَرَانِ tubʿarāni | تُبْعَرْنَ tubʿarna | يُبْعَرْنَ yubʿarna | |||||||
| subjunctive الْمُضَارِع الْمَنْصُوب | m | أُبْعَرَ ʾubʿara | تُبْعَرَ tubʿara | يُبْعَرَ yubʿara | تُبْعَرَا tubʿarā | يُبْعَرَا yubʿarā | نُبْعَرَ nubʿara | تُبْعَرُوا tubʿarū | يُبْعَرُوا yubʿarū | |||
| f | تُبْعَرِي tubʿarī | تُبْعَرَ tubʿara | تُبْعَرَا tubʿarā | تُبْعَرْنَ tubʿarna | يُبْعَرْنَ yubʿarna | |||||||
| jussive الْمُضَارِع الْمَجْزُوم | m | أُبْعَرْ ʾubʿar | تُبْعَرْ tubʿar | يُبْعَرْ yubʿar | تُبْعَرَا tubʿarā | يُبْعَرَا yubʿarā | نُبْعَرْ nubʿar | تُبْعَرُوا tubʿarū | يُبْعَرُوا yubʿarū | |||
| f | تُبْعَرِي tubʿarī | تُبْعَرْ tubʿar | تُبْعَرَا tubʿarā | تُبْعَرْنَ tubʿarna | يُبْعَرْنَ yubʿarna | |||||||
Noun
بَعْر • (baʿr) m (collective, singulative بَعْرَة f (baʿra), plural أَبْعَار (ʾabʿār))
- dung, ordure (of a cloven-hoofed beast)
- 7th century CE, Sunan Abī Dāwud, 1:38:
- نَهَانَا رَسُولِ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللّٰهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ أَنْ نَتَمَسَّحَ بِعَظْمٍ أَوْ بَعْرٍ.
- nahānā rasūli l-lahi ṣallā llāhu ʿalayhi wasallama ʾan natamassaḥa biʿaẓmin ʾaw baʿrin.
- The Prophet (PBUH) forbade us to wipe ourselves with bone or dung.
- 7th century CE, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Buḵāriyy, 68:81:
- وَقَدْ كَانَتْ إِحْدَاكُنَّ فِي الْجَاهِلِيَّةِ تَرْمِي بِالْبَعَرَةِ عَلَى رَأْسِ الْحَوْلِ.
- waqad kānat ʾiḥdākunna fī l-jāhiliyyati tarmī bi-l-baʿarati ʿalā raʾsi l-ḥawli.
- In the pre-Islamic time one of your kind (a widow) used to cast a globe of dung when a year has elapsed.
- 7th century CE, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, -1:87:
- فَلَمَّا رَأَيْتُهُ كَانَتْ بَعْرَةٌ أَحَبَّ إِلَىَّ مِنْهُ
- falammā raʾaytuhu kānat baʿratun ʾaḥabba ʾilāāa minhu
- When I saw him a globe of dung would have been more preferred to me than him.
- 1951 August 20, Šākir Maḥmūd, “السرقين والسماد في الزراعة قديما”, in مجلة الرسالة:
- راجعنا مقالاتهم في أنواع السرقين والمفاضلة بين ذرق الحمام وأرواث الخيل والبغال والحمير، وأخثاء البقر والجواميس وأبعار الغنم والضأن والماعز، […]
- We have reviewed their articles on the types of manure and the differences between pigeon droppings, dung of horses and mules and asses, and sharn of cows and buffalos and sheep and goats, […]
-
Declension
Declension of noun بَعْر (baʿr)
| Collective | basic collective triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | بَعْر baʿr | الْبَعْر al-baʿr | بَعْر baʿr |
| Nominative | بَعْرٌ baʿrun | الْبَعْرُ al-baʿru | بَعْرُ baʿru |
| Accusative | بَعْرًا baʿran | الْبَعْرَ al-baʿra | بَعْرَ baʿra |
| Genitive | بَعْرٍ baʿrin | الْبَعْرِ al-baʿri | بَعْرِ baʿri |
| Singulative | singulative triptote in ـَة (-a) | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | بَعْرَة baʿra | الْبَعْرَة al-baʿra | بَعْرَة baʿrat |
| Nominative | بَعْرَةٌ baʿratun | الْبَعْرَةُ al-baʿratu | بَعْرَةُ baʿratu |
| Accusative | بَعْرَةً baʿratan | الْبَعْرَةَ al-baʿrata | بَعْرَةَ baʿrata |
| Genitive | بَعْرَةٍ baʿratin | الْبَعْرَةِ al-baʿrati | بَعْرَةِ baʿrati |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | بَعْرَتَيْن baʿratayn | الْبَعْرَتَيْن al-baʿratayn | بَعْرَتَيْ baʿratay |
| Nominative | بَعْرَتَانِ baʿratāni | الْبَعْرَتَانِ al-baʿratāni | بَعْرَتَا baʿratā |
| Accusative | بَعْرَتَيْنِ baʿratayni | الْبَعْرَتَيْنِ al-baʿratayni | بَعْرَتَيْ baʿratay |
| Genitive | بَعْرَتَيْنِ baʿratayni | الْبَعْرَتَيْنِ al-baʿratayni | بَعْرَتَيْ baʿratay |
| Paucal (3-10) | sound feminine paucal | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | بَعْرَات baʿrāt | الْبَعْرَات al-baʿrāt | بَعْرَات baʿrāt |
| Nominative | بَعْرَاتٌ baʿrātun | الْبَعْرَاتُ al-baʿrātu | بَعْرَاتُ baʿrātu |
| Accusative | بَعْرَاتٍ baʿrātin | الْبَعْرَاتِ al-baʿrāti | بَعْرَاتِ baʿrāti |
| Genitive | بَعْرَاتٍ baʿrātin | الْبَعْرَاتِ al-baʿrāti | بَعْرَاتِ baʿrāti |
| Plural of variety | basic broken plural triptote | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | أَبْعَار ʾabʿār | الْأَبْعَار al-ʾabʿār | أَبْعَار ʾabʿār |
| Nominative | أَبْعَارٌ ʾabʿārun | الْأَبْعَارُ al-ʾabʿāru | أَبْعَارُ ʾabʿāru |
| Accusative | أَبْعَارًا ʾabʿāran | الْأَبْعَارَ al-ʾabʿāra | أَبْعَارَ ʾabʿāra |
| Genitive | أَبْعَارٍ ʾabʿārin | الْأَبْعَارِ al-ʾabʿāri | أَبْعَارِ ʾabʿāri |
See also
- Thesaurus – Arabic terms for “feces, excrement, dung, ordure, manure”
References
- “bˁwr3”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- “bˁwrh”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–
- Hommel, Fritz (1879) Die Namen der Säugethiere bei den südsemitischen Völkern als Beiträge zur arabischen und äthiopischen Lexicographie, zur semitischen Kulturforschung und Sprachvergleichung und zur Geschichte der Mittelmeerfauna. Mit steter Berücksichtigung auch der assyrischen und hebräischen Thiernamen und geographischen und literaturgeschichtlichen Excursen (in German), Leipzig: J. C. Hinrichs’sche Buchhandlung, page 143–144
- Militarev, Alexander; Kogan, Leonid (2000–2005) Semitic Etymological Dictionary, Münster: Ugarit-Verlag, pages 73–75