اسم
See also: آسم, أسم, and أشم
Arabic
Etymology 1
From Proto-Semitic *šim-, from Proto-Afroasiatic *sim- (“name”). Leveled in Arabic to the roots و س م (w-s-m) and س م و (s-m-w).
Cognate with Hebrew שם (shém).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ism/
Audio (file) - (Gulf Arabic) IPA(key): /i.sim/
Noun
اِسْم • (ism) m (plural أَسْمَاء (ʾasmāʾ) or أَسَامٍ (ʾasāmin))
- name
- مَا ٱسْمُكَ؟ ― mā smuka? ― What is your name?
- بِسْمِ اللّٰهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيمِ ― bismi allāhi r-raḥmāni r-raḥīmi ― in the name of God, the Merciful, the Compassionate
- بِسْمِ ٱلْآبِ وَٱلِٱبْنِ وَٱلرُّوحِ ٱلْقُدُسِ ― bismi l-ʾābi wal-ibni war-rūḥi l-qudusi ― In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost
- appellation
- reputation, prestige
- (grammar) noun (a category above, including pronouns and substantives like adjectives and participles, see the derived terms to get a picture of the usage)
Declension
Declension of noun اِسْم (ism)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | اِسْم ism | الِاسْم al-ism | اِسْم ism |
| Nominative | اِسْمٌ ismun | الِاسْمُ al-ismu | اِسْمُ ismu |
| Accusative | اِسْمًا isman | الِاسْمَ al-isma | اِسْمَ isma |
| Genitive | اِسْمٍ ismin | الِاسْمِ al-ismi | اِسْمِ ismi |
| Dual | Indefinite | Definite | Construct |
| Informal | اِسْمَيْن ismayn | الِاسْمَيْن al-ismayn | اِسْمَيْ ismay |
| Nominative | اِسْمَانِ ismāni | الِاسْمَانِ al-ismāni | اِسْمَا ismā |
| Accusative | اِسْمَيْنِ ismayni | الِاسْمَيْنِ al-ismayni | اِسْمَيْ ismay |
| Genitive | اِسْمَيْنِ ismayni | الِاسْمَيْنِ al-ismayni | اِسْمَيْ ismay |
| Plural | basic broken plural triptote; broken plural diptote in ـٍ (-in) | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | أَسْمَاء; أَسَامِي ʾasmāʾ; ʾasāmī | الْأَسْمَاء; الْأَسَامِي al-ʾasmāʾ; al-ʾasāmī | أَسْمَاء; أَسَامِي ʾasmāʾ; ʾasāmī |
| Nominative | أَسْمَاءٌ; أَسَامٍ ʾasmāʾun; ʾasāmin | الْأَسْمَاءُ; الْأَسَامِي al-ʾasmāʾu; al-ʾasāmī | أَسْمَاءُ; أَسَامِي ʾasmāʾu; ʾasāmī |
| Accusative | أَسْمَاءً; أَسَامِيَ ʾasmāʾan; ʾasāmiya | الْأَسْمَاءَ; الْأَسَامِيَ al-ʾasmāʾa; al-ʾasāmiya | أَسْمَاءَ; أَسَامِيَ ʾasmāʾa; ʾasāmiya |
| Genitive | أَسْمَاءٍ; أَسَامٍ ʾasmāʾin; ʾasāmin | الْأَسْمَاءِ; الْأَسَامِي al-ʾasmāʾi; al-ʾasāmī | أَسْمَاءِ; أَسَامِي ʾasmāʾi; ʾasāmī |
Derived terms
- اِسْم آلَة (ism ʾāla, “nomen instrumenti”)
- اِسْم إِشَارَة (ism ʾišāra, “pronomen demonstrativum”)
- اِسْم اِسْتِفْهَام (ism istifhām, “pronomen interrogativum”)
- اِسْم تَفْضِيل (ism tafḍīl, “elativus”)
- اِسْم جَمْع (ism jamʿ, “nomen generis”)
- اِسْم جِنْس (ism jins, “nomen appellativum”)
- اِسْم جِنْس إِفْرَادِيّ (ism jins ʾifrādiyy)
- اِسْم جِنْس جَمْعِيّ (ism jins jamʿiyy)
- اِسْم زَمَان (ism zamān, “nomen temporis”)
- اِسْم عَدَد (ism ʿadad, “nomen numeri”)
- اِسْم عَلَم (ism ʿalam, “nomen proprium”)
- اِسْم فَاعِل (ism fāʿil, “participium activum”)
- اِسْم مَرَّة (ism marra, “nomen vicis”)
- اِسْم مَفْعُول (ism mafʿūl, “participium passivum”)
- اِسْم مَقْصُور (ism maqṣūr, “noun ending in ى or ا”)
- اِسْم مَكَان (ism makān, “nomen loci”)
- اِسْم مَنْقُوص (ism manqūṣ, “noun ending in ـٍ (-in)”)
- اِسْم مَوْصُول (ism mawṣūl, “pronomen relativum”)
- اِسْم نَوْع (ism nawʿ, “nomen speciei”)
- اِسْم هَيْئَة (ism hayʾa, “nomen speciei”)
- اِسْم وَحْدَة (ism waḥda, “nomen unitatis”)
- اِسْم وِعَاء (ism wiʿāʾ, “nomen vasis”)
- اِسْمِيّ (ismiyy, “nominal, titular”)
- اَلْأَسْمَاء الْخَمْسَة (al-ʾasmāʾ al-ḵamsa, “the five nouns”)
Descendants
- Cypriot Arabic: اسم (ism)
- Hijazi Arabic: اسم (isim)
- Maltese: isem
- Moroccan Arabic: اسم (ism)
- Tunisian Arabic: اسم (ism)
- → Azerbaijani: ایسیم, isim (or via Persian)
- → Bashkir: исем (isem)
- → Kazakh: есім (esım)
- → Malay: اسم, isim
- → Classical Persian: اسم (ism) (see there for further descendants)
- → Swahili: isimu
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /us.mu/
Verb
اُسْمُ • (usmu) (form I)
- second-person masculine singular active imperative of سَمَا (samā)
Further reading
- Freytag, Georg (1833), “اسم”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, pages 359–360
- Carter, Michael George (2017), “The Seven Deadly Sins of Arabic Studies”, in Manuel Sartori, Manuela E. B. Giolfo, Philippe Cassuto, editors, Approaches to the History and Dialectology of Arabic in Honor of Pierre Larcher (Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics; 88), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 519–521
- Kasher, Almog (1 October 2009), “Term Ism in Medieval Arabic Grammatical Tradition: A Hyponym of Itself”, in Journal of Semitic Studies, Oxford Academix, retrieved 26 October 2018
- Wehr, Hans (1979), “سم”, in J. Milton Cowan, editor, A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, 4th edition, Ithaca, NY: Spoken Language Services, →ISBN
Azerbaijani
Noun
اسم (ism) (definite accusative اسمی, plural اسملر)
- Alternative spelling of ایسیم
Hijazi Arabic
Etymology
From Arabic اِسْم (ism).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /isim/, [e̞se̞m]
Noun
اسم • (isim) m (plural أسماء (ʔasmāʔ))
- name
Malay
Etymology
From Arabic اِسْم (ism).
Pronunciation
- (Johor-Selangor) IPA(key): /isem/
- (Riau-Lingga) IPA(key): /isɪm/
- Rhymes: -isem, -sem, -em
Noun
اسم (plural اسم-اسم or اسم۲, informal 1st possessive اسمکو, 2nd possessive اسممو, 3rd possessive اسمڽ)
- Jawi spelling of isim
Ottoman Turkish
Etymology
From Arabic اِسْم (ism).
Noun
اسم • (ism, isim) (plural اسملر)
- name
- (grammar) noun
Synonyms
- آد (ad)
Descendants
- Turkish: isim
Persian
Etymology
From Arabic اِسْم (ism).
Pronunciation
- (Classical Persian) IPA(key): /ism/
- (Dari Persian) IPA(key): /ɪsm/
- (Iranian Persian) IPA(key): /esm/
- (Tajik) IPA(key): /ism/
audio (Iranian Persian) (file)
Noun
| Dari | اسم |
|---|---|
| Iranian Persian | |
| Tajik | исм (ism) |
اسم • (esm) (plural اسمها (esm-hâ) or اسامی (asâmi) or اَسْماء (asmâ(')))
- name
- Synonym: نام (nâm)
- appellation
- Synonym: نامیده (nâmideh)
- (grammar) noun
- Hyponym: اسم خاص
Descendants
- Tajik: исм (ism)
- → Uzbek: ism
- → Gujarati: ઇસમ (isam)
- → Hindustani:
- Hindi: इस्म (ism)
- Urdu: اِسْم (ism)
- → Kannada: ಇಸಮು (isamu)
- → Marathi: इसम (isam)
- → Ottoman Turkish: اسم (ism, isim)
- → Turkish: isim
- → Uyghur: ئىسىم (isim)
South Levantine Arabic
| Root |
|---|
| و س م |
Etymology
From Arabic اِسْم (ism).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ʔism/, [ˈʔɪ.s(ɪ)m]
- IPA(key): /ʔusm/, [ˈʔʊ.s(ʊ)m]
Audio (Jerusalem) (file)
Noun
اسم • (ʔism, ʔusm) m (plural أسامي (ʔasāmi))
- name
- اسم العيلة ― ʔism il-ʕēle ― surname, family name
Audio (Ramallah) (file) - اسم الشخص ― ʔism iš-šaḵṣ ― first name
Audio (Ramallah) (file) - شواسمك؟ ― šu ʔismak? ― What's your name?
- شوالاسم الكريم؟ ― šu l-ʔism il-karīm? ― What's your noble name?
- noun
Tunisian Arabic
Etymology
From Arabic اِسْم (ism).
Noun
اسم (ʔism) m
- name
- شسمك ؟
- šismik
- What's your name?
- noun
- title
- ما ختارش اسم باهي لكتابه
- mā ḵtāriš ʔism bāhi liktābu
- He didn't choose a good title for his book
- first name
Urdu
Etymology 1
Borrowed from Classical Persian اسم (ism), from Arabic اِسْم (ism), from Proto-Semitic *šim-.
Pronunciation
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /ɪsm/
Noun
اِسْم • (ism) m (Hindi spelling इस्म)
- name, appellation, designation
- (grammar) noun, substantive
Synonyms
- نام (nām)
Etymology 2
Learned borrowing from Sanskrit असम (asama).
Pronunciation
- (Standard Urdu) IPA(key): /ə.səm/
Adjective
اسم • (asam) (Hindi spelling असम)
- unequal
- uneven
- dissimilar
- unusual
Further reading
- Qureshi, Bashir Ahmad (1971), “اسم”, in Kitabistan's 20th Century Standard Dictionary, Lahore: Kitabistan Pub. Co.