أشق
See also: اسق, أشف, اسڤ, and أسق
Arabic
Etymology 1
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
أَشُقْ • (ʾašuq) (form I)
- first-person singular non-past active jussive of شَاقَ (šāqa)
Verb
أُشَقْ • (ʾušaq) (form I)
- first-person singular non-past passive jussive of شَاقَ (šāqa)
Etymology 2
From the root ش ق ق (š-q-q).
Adjective
أَشَقّ • (ʾašaqq)
- elative degree of شَاقّ (šāqq); toughest, most wearisome
Declension
Declension of adjective أَشَقّ (ʾašaqq)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| basic singular diptote | singular invariable | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Informal | أَشَقّ ʾašaqq | الْأَشَقّ al-ʾašaqq | شُقّى šuqqā | الشُّقّى aš-šuqqā |
| Nominative | أَشَقُّ ʾašaqqu | الْأَشَقُّ al-ʾašaqqu | شُقّى šuqqā | الشُّقّى aš-šuqqā |
| Accusative | أَشَقَّ ʾašaqqa | الْأَشَقَّ al-ʾašaqqa | شُقّى šuqqā | الشُّقّى aš-šuqqā |
| Genitive | أَشَقَّ ʾašaqqa | الْأَشَقِّ al-ʾašaqqi | شُقّى šuqqā | الشُّقّى aš-šuqqā |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Informal | أَشَقَّيْن ʾašaqqayn | الْأَشَقَّيْن al-ʾašaqqayn | شُقَّيَيْن šuqqayayn | الشُّقَّيَيْن aš-šuqqayayn |
| Nominative | أَشَقَّانِ ʾašaqqāni | الْأَشَقَّانِ al-ʾašaqqāni | شُقَّيَانِ šuqqayāni | الشُّقَّيَانِ aš-šuqqayāni |
| Accusative | أَشَقَّيْنِ ʾašaqqayni | الْأَشَقَّيْنِ al-ʾašaqqayni | شُقَّيَيْنِ šuqqayayni | الشُّقَّيَيْنِ aš-šuqqayayni |
| Genitive | أَشَقَّيْنِ ʾašaqqayni | الْأَشَقَّيْنِ al-ʾašaqqayni | شُقَّيَيْنِ šuqqayayni | الشُّقَّيَيْنِ aš-šuqqayayni |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | ||
| plural unknown | sound feminine plural | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Informal | ? ? | ? ? | شُقَّيَات šuqqayāt | الشُّقَّيَات aš-šuqqayāt |
| Nominative | ? ? | ? ? | شُقَّيَاتٌ šuqqayātun | الشُّقَّيَاتُ aš-šuqqayātu |
| Accusative | ? ? | ? ? | شُقَّيَاتٍ šuqqayātin | الشُّقَّيَاتِ aš-šuqqayāti |
| Genitive | ? ? | ? ? | شُقَّيَاتٍ šuqqayātin | الشُّقَّيَاتِ aš-šuqqayāti |
Adjective
أَشَقّ • (ʾašaqq) (feminine شَقَّاء (šaqqāʾ), masculine plural شُقّ (šuqq))
- of inclinated gait in such a manner that a gap is left between the legs, long-footed
Declension
Declension of adjective أَشَقّ (ʾašaqq)
| Singular | Masculine | Feminine | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| basic singular diptote | basic singular diptote | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Informal | أَشَقّ ʾašaqq | الْأَشَقّ al-ʾašaqq | شَقَّاء šaqqāʾ | الشَّقَّاء aš-šaqqāʾ |
| Nominative | أَشَقُّ ʾašaqqu | الْأَشَقُّ al-ʾašaqqu | شَقَّاءُ šaqqāʾu | الشَّقَّاءُ aš-šaqqāʾu |
| Accusative | أَشَقَّ ʾašaqqa | الْأَشَقَّ al-ʾašaqqa | شَقَّاءَ šaqqāʾa | الشَّقَّاءَ aš-šaqqāʾa |
| Genitive | أَشَقَّ ʾašaqqa | الْأَشَقِّ al-ʾašaqqi | شَقَّاءَ šaqqāʾa | الشَّقَّاءِ aš-šaqqāʾi |
| Dual | Masculine | Feminine | ||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Informal | أَشَقَّيْن ʾašaqqayn | الْأَشَقَّيْن al-ʾašaqqayn | شَقَّاءَيْن šaqqāʾayn | الشَّقَّاءَيْن aš-šaqqāʾayn |
| Nominative | أَشَقَّانِ ʾašaqqāni | الْأَشَقَّانِ al-ʾašaqqāni | شَقَّاءَانِ šaqqāʾāni | الشَّقَّاءَانِ aš-šaqqāʾāni |
| Accusative | أَشَقَّيْنِ ʾašaqqayni | الْأَشَقَّيْنِ al-ʾašaqqayni | شَقَّاءَيْنِ šaqqāʾayni | الشَّقَّاءَيْنِ aš-šaqqāʾayni |
| Genitive | أَشَقَّيْنِ ʾašaqqayni | الْأَشَقَّيْنِ al-ʾašaqqayni | شَقَّاءَيْنِ šaqqāʾayni | الشَّقَّاءَيْنِ aš-šaqqāʾayni |
| Plural | Masculine | Feminine | ||
| basic broken plural triptote | basic broken plural triptote | |||
| Indefinite | Definite | Indefinite | Definite | |
| Informal | شُقّ šuqq | الشُّقّ aš-šuqq | شُقّ šuqq | الشُّقّ aš-šuqq |
| Nominative | شُقٌّ šuqqun | الشُّقُّ aš-šuqqu | شُقٌّ šuqqun | الشُّقُّ aš-šuqqu |
| Accusative | شُقًّا šuqqan | الشُّقَّ aš-šuqqa | شُقًّا šuqqan | الشُّقَّ aš-šuqqa |
| Genitive | شُقٍّ šuqqin | الشُّقِّ aš-šuqqi | شُقٍّ šuqqin | الشُّقِّ aš-šuqqi |
Etymology 3
From Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (wšʾk /wašak/), [Book Pahlavi needed] (wšk /wašak/), attested at least thrice in Book Pahlavi and once in Classical Syriac ܘܣܩܐ (wasqā), once in Classical Mandaic ࡀࡅࡎࡒࡀ (wasqā),[1] denoting in each case a kind of ceremonial drink employed by Zoroastrians in place of wine, which matches gum ammoniac as this was employed in antiquity for its emollient, swelling-atoning and limb-pain-relieving effect,[2] and apparently the drink was called after ammoniacum it was composed of,[1] as the later Classical Persian وشه (wuša) and اشه (uša) and the Arabic are known to mean gum ammoniac, and one finds a Byzantine Greek οὐσάκ (ousák) glossed as ammoniacum.[3]
The measure of the Arabic word is also KaLaM, not only KuLLaM.
Alternative forms
- وُشَّق (wuššaq), أُشَّج (ʾuššaj), وُشَّج (wuššaj)
Noun
أُشَّق • (ʾuššaq) m
- Ferula marmarica (in Africa)
- Ferula ammoniacum syn. Dorema ammoniacum (in Eastern Iran, Afghanistan, Turkistan)
- Ferula aucheri syn. Dorema aucheri (in Western Persia)
- gum ammoniac, ammoniacum, obtained from the said plants
Declension
Declension of noun أُشَّق (ʾuššaq)
| Singular | basic singular triptote | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Indefinite | Definite | Construct | |
| Informal | أُشَّق ʾuššaq | الْأُشَّق al-ʾuššaq | أُشَّق ʾuššaq |
| Nominative | أُشَّقٌ ʾuššaqun | الْأُشَّقُ al-ʾuššaqu | أُشَّقُ ʾuššaqu |
| Accusative | أُشَّقًا ʾuššaqan | الْأُشَّقَ al-ʾuššaqa | أُشَّقَ ʾuššaqa |
| Genitive | أُشَّقٍ ʾuššaqin | الْأُشَّقِ al-ʾuššaqi | أُشَّقِ ʾuššaqi |
Descendants
- → Middle Armenian: աւշակ (awšak), օշակ (ōšak), օշախ (ōšax), աւշախ (awšax), օշաղ (ōšał), օշ (ōš), աւշ (awš), վաշակ (vašak), վաշախ (vašax), վաշաղ (vašał) (some of the forms probably from Iranian)
- → Medieval Latin: alaſach (Spain, emended from aſaſach)[4]
- → Old Spanish: alguaxaque, aluaxaque, aluahasaque, aluasaque, alguaxac, arguaxaque
- → Classical Syriac: ܐܘܫܩ (ʾawšāq)[1][3][5]
Further reading
- Freytag, Georg (1830), “أشق”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 1, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 38
- Freytag, Georg (1833), “أشق”, in Lexicon arabico-latinum praesertim ex Djeuharii Firuzabadiique et aliorum Arabum operibus adhibitis Golii quoque et aliorum libris confectum (in Latin), volume 2, Halle: C. A. Schwetschke, page 437
- Steingass, Francis Joseph (1884), “أشق”, in The Student's Arabic–English Dictionary, London: W.H. Allen, page 46
References
- Henning, Walter Bruno (1955), “The Middle-Persian Word for ‘Beer’”, in Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, volume 17, issue 3, DOI:, pages 603–604
- See for example “σίλφιον – Ferula tingitana”, in Dioscórides Interactivo (in Spanish), 2023 which probably related to Ferula tingitana however Dorema ammoniacum was used the same by the Hellenes and the Arabic translators of Greek identified the former with the latter – so also Steiger, Arnald (1960), “Voces de origen oriental contenidas en el Tesoro lexicográfico de Samuel Gili Gaya”, in Revista de Filología Española (in Spanish), volume 43, issue 1.o–2.o, DOI:, page 56.
- Löw, Immanuel (1924) Die Flora der Juden (in German), volume 3, Wien und Leipzig: R. Löwit, page 457
- Steiger, Arnald (1960), “Voces de origen oriental contenidas en el Tesoro lexicográfico de Samuel Gili Gaya”, in Revista de Filología Española (in Spanish), volume 43, issue 1.o–2.o, DOI:, page 56
- “ˀwšq”, in The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project, Cincinnati: Hebrew Union College, 1986–