ցրեմ
Old Armenian
Etymology
Several difficult Indo-European etymologies have been proposed.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Ačaṙean prefers Petersson's connection with Sanskrit छुरयति (churayati, “to strew or sprinkle with”, causative) as the only cognate, supposedly from a substantive *छुर- (chura-) from Proto-Indo-European *sḱr̥ro-, with Old Armenian ցիր (cʿir, “strewn, scattered, dispersed”) being from Proto-Indo-European *sḱēro-,[11][12][13] however this explanation for the Indic word is not accepted nowadays[14][15].
Ačaṙean noticed the similarity with the Georgian descendants listed at Proto-Georgian-Zan *car- ~ *cr- (“to sift”), some of which mean "to scatter", and tentatively derived those from Armenian. As it is known now that the Georgian terms are native, the opposite is probably true: ցրեմ (cʿrem) is a Georgian-Zan borrowing from the mentioned root. The synonymous ցրուեմ (cʿruem), which is usually explained as based on the difficult-to-explain derivative ցր-իւ (cʿr-iw), may preserve the -ვ/უ- (-v/u-) of the Georgian-Zan verbal noun, like կռուիմ (kṙuim), and ցրիւ (cʿriw) may have been back-formed from it like կռիւ (kṙiw).
Verb
ցրեմ • (cʿrem)
- (transitive) to scatter, disperse
- 5th century, Agatʿangełos, Patmutʿiwn Hayocʿ [History of the Armenians] 585:[16][17]
- Իսկ աշտարակն յուզեաց զսրտմտութիւն բարկութեան Արարչին՝ ցրել զնոսա և խառնակել զլեզուս նոցա։
- Isk aštarakn yuzeacʿ zsrtmtutʿiwn barkutʿean Ararčʿin, cʿrel znosa ew xaṙnakel zlezus nocʿa.
- Translation by Robert W. Thomson
- The tower stirred the wrath of the anger of the Creator to scatter them and confuse their tongues.
- Իսկ աշտարակն յուզեաց զսրտմտութիւն բարկութեան Արարչին՝ ցրել զնոսա և խառնակել զլեզուս նոցա։
- (transitive) to disintegrate, break, destroy
- 5th century, Bible, Genesis 17.14:[18]
- Արուն անթլփատ՝ որ ո՛չ թլփատեսցէ զմարմին անթլփատութեան իւրոյ յաւուր ութերորդի, սատակեսցի՛ անձնն այն յազգէ իւրմէ. զի ցրեա՛ց զուխտ իմ։
- Arun antʿlpʿat, or óčʿ tʿlpʿatescʿē zmarmin antʿlpʿatutʿean iwroy yawur utʿerordi, satakescʿí anjnn ayn yazgē iwrmē. zi cʿreácʿ zuxt im.
- Translation by King James Bible
- And the uncircumcised man child whose flesh of his foreskin is not circumcised, that soul shall be cut off from his people; he hath broken my covenant.
- Արուն անթլփատ՝ որ ո՛չ թլփատեսցէ զմարմին անթլփատութեան իւրոյ յաւուր ութերորդի, սատակեսցի՛ անձնն այն յազգէ իւրմէ. զի ցրեա՛ց զուխտ իմ։
Conjugation
active
| infinitive | ցրել (cʿrel) | participle | ցրեցեալ, ցրեալ (cʿrecʿeal, cʿreal) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| causative | — | aorist stem | ցրեց- (cʿrecʿ-) | ||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | ես | դու | նա | մեք | դուք | նոքա | |
| present | ցրեմ (cʿrem) | ցրես (cʿres) | ցրէ (cʿrē) | ցրեմք (cʿremkʿ) | ցրէք (cʿrēkʿ) | ցրեն (cʿren) | |
| imperfect | ցրէի, ցրեի* (cʿrēi, cʿrei*) | ցրէիր, ցրեիր* (cʿrēir, cʿreir*) | ցրէր (cʿrēr) | ցրէաք, ցրեաք* (cʿrēakʿ, cʿreakʿ*) | ցրէիք, ցրեիք* (cʿrēikʿ, cʿreikʿ*) | ցրէին, ցրեին* (cʿrēin, cʿrein*) | |
| aorist | ցրեցի (cʿrecʿi) | ցրեցեր (cʿrecʿer) | ցրեաց (cʿreacʿ) | ցրեցաք (cʿrecʿakʿ) | ցրեցէք, ցրեցիք (cʿrecʿēkʿ, cʿrecʿikʿ) | ցրեցին (cʿrecʿin) | |
| subjunctive | ես | դու | նա | մեք | դուք | նոքա | |
| present | ցրիցեմ (cʿricʿem) | ցրիցես (cʿricʿes) | ցրիցէ (cʿricʿē) | ցրիցեմք (cʿricʿemkʿ) | ցրիցէք (cʿricʿēkʿ) | ցրիցեն (cʿricʿen) | |
| aorist | ցրեցից (cʿrecʿicʿ) | ցրեսցես (cʿrescʿes) | ցրեսցէ (cʿrescʿē) | ցրեսցուք (cʿrescʿukʿ) | ցրեսջիք (cʿresǰikʿ) | ցրեսցեն (cʿrescʿen) | |
| imperatives | — | (դու) | — | — | (դուք) | — | |
| imperative | — | ցրեա՛ (cʿreá) | — | — | ցրեցէ՛ք (cʿrecʿḗkʿ) | — | |
| cohortative | — | ցրեսջի՛ր (cʿresǰír) | — | — | ցրեսջի՛ք (cʿresǰíkʿ) | — | |
| prohibitive | — | մի՛ ցրեր (mí cʿrer) | — | — | մի՛ ցրէք (mí cʿrēkʿ) | — | |
| *rare | |||||||
mediopassive
| infinitive | ցրել, ցրիլ* (cʿrel, cʿril*) | participle | ցրեցեալ, ցրեալ (cʿrecʿeal, cʿreal) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| causative | — | aorist stem | ցրեց- (cʿrecʿ-) | ||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | 1st person | 2nd person | 3rd person | ||
| indicative | ես | դու | նա | մեք | դուք | նոքա | |
| present | ցրիմ (cʿrim) | ցրիս (cʿris) | ցրի (cʿri) | ցրիմք (cʿrimkʿ) | ցրիք (cʿrikʿ) | ցրին (cʿrin) | |
| imperfect | ցրէի (cʿrēi) | ցրէիր (cʿrēir) | ցրէր, ցրիւր (cʿrēr, cʿriwr) | ցրէաք (cʿrēakʿ) | ցրէիք (cʿrēikʿ) | ցրէին (cʿrēin) | |
| aorist | ցրեցայ (cʿrecʿay) | ցրեցար (cʿrecʿar) | ցրեցաւ (cʿrecʿaw) | ցրեցաք (cʿrecʿakʿ) | ցրեցայք (cʿrecʿaykʿ) | ցրեցան (cʿrecʿan) | |
| subjunctive | ես | դու | նա | մեք | դուք | նոքա | |
| present | ցրիցիմ (cʿricʿim) | ցրիցիս (cʿricʿis) | ցրիցի (cʿricʿi) | ցրիցիմք (cʿricʿimkʿ) | ցրիցիք (cʿricʿikʿ) | ցրիցին (cʿricʿin) | |
| aorist | ցրեցայց (cʿrecʿaycʿ) | ցրեսցիս (cʿrescʿis) | ցրեսցի (cʿrescʿi) | ցրեսցուք (cʿrescʿukʿ) | ցրեսջիք (cʿresǰikʿ) | ցրեսցին (cʿrescʿin) | |
| imperatives | — | (դու) | — | — | (դուք) | — | |
| imperative | — | ցրեա՛ց (cʿreácʿ) | — | — | ցրեցարո՛ւք (cʿrecʿarúkʿ) | — | |
| cohortative | — | ցրեսջի՛ր (cʿresǰír) | — | — | ցրեսջի՛ք (cʿresǰíkʿ) | — | |
| prohibitive | — | մի՛ ցրիր (mí cʿrir) | — | — | մի՛ ցրիք (mí cʿrikʿ) | — | |
| *post-classical | |||||||
Derived terms
- բազմացիր (bazmacʿir)
- պարկացիր (parkacʿir)
- պուրակացիր (purakacʿir)
- ջրացիր (ǰracʿir)
- ցիր (cʿir)
- ցիրապահակք (cʿirapahakkʿ)
- ցրան (cʿran)
- ցրիչ (cʿričʿ)
- ցրիւ (cʿriw)
- ցրուած (cʿruac)
- ցրուական (cʿruakan)
- ցրուեմ (cʿruem)
- ցրուիչ (cʿruičʿ)
- ցրումն (cʿrumn)
- ցրուութիւն (cʿruutʿiwn)
- ցրուումն (cʿruumn)
- ցրօնք (cʿrōnkʿ)
Descendants
- Armenian: → ցրել (cʿrel) (learned), > ցրվել (cʿrvel) (inherited)
References
click to expand
- Windischmann, Friedrich (1846) Über die Grundlage des Armenischen im arischen Sprachstamme (in German), München: Königlich-Bayerische Akad. der Wiss., page 46
- Patkanov, K. (1864) Исследование о составе армянского языка [A study on the composition of the Armenian language] (in Russian), Saint Petersburg: Academy Press, page 17
- Dervischjan, P. Seraphin (1877) Armeniaca I: Das Altarmenische (in German), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 43–44
- Tērvišean, Serovbē (1885) Hndewropakan naxalezu [The Proto-Indo-European Language] (in Armenian), Constantinople: Nšan K. Pērpērean, page 113
- Meillet, Antoine (1898), “Etymologies arméniennes”, in Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris (in French), volume 10, page 281 of 274–282
- Meillet, Antoine (1897) De indo-europaea radice *men- “mente agitare” (in Latin), Paris: E. Bouillon, page 51
- Hübschmann, Heinrich (1899), “Hübschmann H.: Armenische Grammatik. I. Theil. Armenische Etymologie. II. Abteilung. Die syrischen und griechischen Lehnwörter im Altarmenischen und die echtarmenischen Wörter”, in Indogermanische Forschungen. Anzeiger für indogermanische Sprach- und Altertumskunde. Beiblatt zu den Indogermanischen Forschungen (in German), volume 10, page 49 of 41–50
- Scheftelowitz, J. (1904), “Zur altarmenischen lautgeschichte”, in Beiträge zur kunde der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume 28, page 289
- Walde, Alois (1930), Pokorny, Julius, editor, Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (in German), volume I, Berlin: de Gruyter, page 411
- Scheftelowitz, J. (1927), “Idg. zgh in den Einzelsprachen”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung (in German), volume 54, issue 3/4, page 225 of 224–253
- Petersson, Herbert (1916), “Beiträge zur armenischen Wortkunde”, in Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung (in German), volume 47, issue 3/4, page 255 of 240–291
- Petersson, Herbert (1916) Baltisches und Slavisches (Lunds Universitets Årsskrift N.F. Avd. 1, Bd. 12. Nr. 2) (in German), Lund and Leipzig, page 68
- Solta, G. R. (1960) Die Stellung des Armenischen im Kreise der indogermanischen Sprachen (Studien zur armenischen Geschichte; 9) (in German), Vienna: Mekhitarist Press, pages 450–451
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956) Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 408
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (2001) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan] (in German), volume III, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 204
- Agatʿangełos (1909), G. Tēr-Mkrtčʿean and St. Kanayeancʿ, editors, Patmutʿiwn Hayocʿ [History of Armenia] (Patmagirkʿ hayocʿ; I.2), Tiflis: Aragatip Mnacʿakan Martiroseancʿi, page 297
- Thomson, Robert W. (1970) The Teaching of Saint Gregory: An Early Armenian Catechism (Harvard Armenian Texts and Studies; 3), Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, page 142
- Zōhrapean, Yovhannēs, editor (1805) Astuacašunčʿ matean Hin ew Nor Ktakaranacʿ [Bible: Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments], volume I, Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy, page 31
Further reading
- Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1979), “ցիր”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume IV, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, pages 456–457
- Awetikʿean, G.; Siwrmēlean, X.; Awgerean, M. (1836–1837), “ցրեմ”, in Nor baṙgirkʿ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
- J̌ahukyan, Geworg (1987) Hayocʿ lezvi patmutʿyun; naxagrayin žamanakašrǰan [History of the Armenian language: The Pre-Literary Period] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Academy Press, page 597, considers the similarity with the Kartvelian as accidental
- Petrosean, H. Matatʿeay V. (1879), “ցրեմ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʿ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy