beirniadu
Welsh
Etymology
From beirniad (“critic; adjudicator”) + -u
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /bei̯rnˈjadɨ/
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /bei̯rnˈjaːdi/, /bei̯rnˈjadi/
Verb
beirniadu (first-person singular present beirniadaf)
- (transitive) to criticise
- (transitive) to adjudicate
Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | beirniadaf | beirniadi | beirniada | beirniadwn | beirniadwch | beirniadant | beirniadir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional | beirniadwn | beirniadit | beirniadai | beirniadem | beirniadech | beirniadent | beirniadid | |
| preterite | beirniadais | beirniadaist | beirniadodd | beirniadasom | beirniadasoch | beirniadasant | beirniadwyd | |
| pluperfect | beirniadaswn | beirniadasit | beirniadasai | beirniadasem | beirniadasech | beirniadasent | beirniadasid, beirniadesid | |
| present subjunctive | beirniadwyf | beirniadych | beirniado | beirniadom | beirniadoch | beirniadont | beirniader | |
| imperative | — | beirniada | beirniaded | beirniadwn | beirniadwch | beirniadent | beirniader | |
| verbal noun | beirniadu | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | beirniadedig beirniadadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | beirniada i, beirniadaf i | beirniadi di | beirniadith o/e/hi, beirniadiff e/hi | beirniadwn ni | beirniadwch chi | beirniadan nhw |
| conditional | beirniadwn i, beirniadswn i | beirniadet ti, beirniadset ti | beirniadai fo/fe/hi, beirniadsai fo/fe/hi | beirniaden ni, beirniadsen ni | beirniadech chi, beirniadsech chi | beirniaden nhw, beirniadsen nhw |
| preterite | beirniadais i, beirniades i | beirniadaist ti, beirniadest ti | beirniadodd o/e/hi | beirniadon ni | beirniadoch chi | beirniadon nhw |
| imperative | — | beirniada | — | — | beirniadwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Mutation
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | aspirate |
| beirniadu | feirniadu | meirniadu | unchanged |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
Further reading
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950-), “beirniadu”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies