խոնաւ
Old Armenian
Alternative forms
- հոնաւ (honaw)
Etymology
Usually treated as a word of uncertain origin,[1][2] for which an Iranian explanation is to be sought[3].
Has been compared to Northern Kurdish xunav, xunaf, xûnav, xinav (“dew; moisture; drizzling rain”), Central Kurdish خوناو (xunaw), خِناو (xinaw, “dew”), خوناوکە (xunawke, “drizzling rain”).[4][5] Note also Northern Kurdish xwonav (“dew”) recorded by Orbeli in Moks.[6] Ačaṙean considers the similarity accidental, because Justi derives the Kurdish from Persian خونابه (xūnāba), خوناب (xūnāb, “bloody water; tears of blood”), containing خون (xūn, “blood”).[7] However, such a semantic development seems unlikely. Old Armenian խոնաւ (xonaw) / հոնաւ (honaw) is probably connected with the Kurdish after all and is borrowed from its unknown Middle Iranian cognate. The ultimate origin of the Iranian etymon is perhaps the Proto-Iranian root *hau- ~ hu- (“to extract, (ex)press, squeeze out (juice)”), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *saw-, from Proto-Indo-European *sew- (“juice; liquid, rain”), whence Avestan 𐬵𐬎𐬥𐬀𐬊𐬌𐬙𐬌 (hunaoiti, “presses, extracts”), Middle Persian [Book Pahlavi needed] (hwnytn' /hunīdan/, “to extract, express (juice)”). ESIJa remarks that the Iranian reflexes of this root are commonly from the present stem: *hu-nu- ~ hu-nau- ~ hu-nwa-.[8] Alternatively, the ultimate source is a different Proto-Iranian root: *hwaid- (“to sweat”), from Proto-Indo-European *sweyd-, whence Southern Kurdish خۊسە (xüse, “dew”), Middle Persian 𐫟𐫇𐫏𐫅 (xwyd /xwēd/, “damp, moist, fresh”), Persian خیسدن (xēsidan, “to become wet, soak”), Yazghulami xist (“wet, moist, soaked”). On these Iranian roots see Cheung[9] and the ESIJa,[8] without the Kurdish or Armenian. In either case, the second component may be a descendant of Proto-Iranian *Hā́fš (“water”).
According to Dankoff, Turkish dialectal hanav (“moist soil suitable for seeds to sprout”) (Bitlis, Malatya), hinav (“moist soil”) (Van) are borrowed from Armenian.[10] However, Ačaṙean does not record any dialectal descendants of Old Armenian խոնաւ (xonaw), apart from Mush խօնավուտեն (xōnavuten, “humidity”) and Moks խոնավ (xonav, “rain”). The Turkish words are more likely borrowed from Kurdish, given the more suitable meanings and forms in Kurdish. Moks խոնավ (xonav, “rain”) may also be borrowed from Kurdish, which has the meaning "drizzling rain".
Adjective
խոնաւ • (xonaw)
- humid, damp, wet, moist
- Synonyms: նայ (nay), թաց (tʿacʿ), գէջ (gēǰ), ջրի (ǰri)
Declension
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | խոնաւ (xonaw) | խոնաւք (xonawkʿ) | |
| genitive | խոնաւոյ (xonawoy) | խոնաւոց (xonawocʿ) | |
| dative | խոնաւոյ (xonawoy) | խոնաւոց (xonawocʿ) | |
| accusative | խոնաւ (xonaw) | խոնաւս (xonaws) | |
| ablative | խոնաւոյ (xonawoy) | խոնաւոց (xonawocʿ) | |
| instrumental | խոնաւով (xonawov) | խոնաւովք (xonawovkʿ) | |
| locative | խոնաւ (xonaw) | խոնաւս (xonaws) |
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | խոնաւ (xonaw) | խոնաւք (xonawkʿ) | |
| genitive | խոնաւի (xonawi) | խոնաւից (xonawicʿ) | |
| dative | խոնաւի (xonawi) | խոնաւից (xonawicʿ) | |
| accusative | խոնաւ (xonaw) | խոնաւս (xonaws) | |
| ablative | խոնաւէ (xonawē) | խոնաւից (xonawicʿ) | |
| instrumental | խոնաւիւ (xonawiw) | խոնաւիւք (xonawiwkʿ) | |
| locative | խոնաւի (xonawi) | խոնաւս (xonaws) |
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | խոնաւ (xonaw) | խոնաւք (xonawkʿ) | |
| genitive | խոնաւու (xonawu) | խոնաւուց (xonawucʿ) | |
| dative | խոնաւու (xonawu) | խոնաւուց (xonawucʿ) | |
| accusative | խոնաւ (xonaw) | խոնաւս (xonaws) | |
| ablative | խոնաւէ (xonawē) | խոնաւուց (xonawucʿ) | |
| instrumental | խոնաւու (xonawu) | խոնաւուք (xonawukʿ) | |
| locative | խոնաւու (xonawu) | խոնաւս (xonaws) | |
| claimed by NHB without attestation | |||
Noun
խոնաւ • (xonaw)
- humidity
- Synonyms: խոնաւութիւն (xonawutʿiwn), թացութիւն (tʿacʿutʿiwn), գիջութիւն (giǰutʿiwn), տամկութիւն (tamkutʿiwn)
Declension
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | խոնաւ (xonaw) | խոնաւք (xonawkʿ) | |
| genitive | խոնաւոյ (xonawoy) | խոնաւոց (xonawocʿ) | |
| dative | խոնաւոյ (xonawoy) | խոնաւոց (xonawocʿ) | |
| accusative | խոնաւ (xonaw) | խոնաւս (xonaws) | |
| ablative | խոնաւոյ (xonawoy) | խոնաւոց (xonawocʿ) | |
| instrumental | խոնաւով (xonawov) | խոնաւովք (xonawovkʿ) | |
| locative | խոնաւ (xonaw) | խոնաւս (xonaws) |
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | խոնաւ (xonaw) | խոնաւք (xonawkʿ) | |
| genitive | խոնաւի (xonawi) | խոնաւից (xonawicʿ) | |
| dative | խոնաւի (xonawi) | խոնաւից (xonawicʿ) | |
| accusative | խոնաւ (xonaw) | խոնաւս (xonaws) | |
| ablative | խոնաւէ (xonawē) | խոնաւից (xonawicʿ) | |
| instrumental | խոնաւիւ (xonawiw) | խոնաւիւք (xonawiwkʿ) | |
| locative | խոնաւի (xonawi) | խոնաւս (xonaws) |
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | խոնաւ (xonaw) | խոնաւք (xonawkʿ) | |
| genitive | խոնաւու (xonawu) | խոնաւուց (xonawucʿ) | |
| dative | խոնաւու (xonawu) | խոնաւուց (xonawucʿ) | |
| accusative | խոնաւ (xonaw) | խոնաւս (xonaws) | |
| ablative | խոնաւէ (xonawē) | խոնաւուց (xonawucʿ) | |
| instrumental | խոնաւու (xonawu) | խոնաւուք (xonawukʿ) | |
| locative | խոնաւու (xonawu) | խոնաւս (xonaws) | |
| claimed by NHB without attestation | |||
Derived terms
- ախտախոնաւածին (axtaxonawacin)
- անխոնաւ (anxonaw)
- խոնաւագոյն (xonawagoyn)
- խոնաւալից (xonawalicʿ)
- խոնաւախոյզ (xonawaxoyz)
- խոնաւական (xonawakan)
- խոնաւակերտ (xonawakert)
- խոնաւային (xonawayin)
- խոնաւայոյզք (xonawayoyzkʿ)
- խոնաւանամ (xonawanam)
- խոնաւատեսակ (xonawatesak)
- խոնաւարար (xonawarar)
- խոնաւացուցանեմ (xonawacʿucʿanem)
- խոնաւեմ (xonawem)
- խոնաւեցուցանեմ (xonawecʿucʿanem)
- խոնաւիմ (xonawim)
- խոնաւութիւն (xonawutʿiwn)
- խոնաւուտ (xonawut)
- հոնաւեալ (honaweal)
- օդախոնաւ (ōdaxonaw)
Descendants
- → Armenian: խոնավ (xonav)
References
- Ačaṙean, Hračʿeay (1973), “խոնաւ”, in Hayerēn armatakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), volume II, 2nd edition, a reprint of the original 1926–1935 seven-volume edition, Yerevan: University Press, page 393–394
- Olsen, Birgit Anette (1999) The noun in Biblical Armenian: origin and word-formation: with special emphasis on the Indo-European heritage (Trends in linguistics. Studies and monographs; 119), Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter, page 963
- J̌ahukyan, Geworg (2010), “խոնաւ”, in Vahan Sargsyan, editor, Hayeren stugabanakan baṙaran [Armenian Etymological Dictionary] (in Armenian), Yerevan: Asoghik, page 340b
- Chyet, Michael L. (2003), “xunav”, in Kurdish–English Dictionary, with selected etymologies by Martin Schwartz, New Haven and London: Yale University Press, page 667b
- Cabolov, R. L. (2010) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ kurdskovo jazyka [Etymological Dictionary of the Kurdish Language] (in Russian), volume II, Moscow: Russian Academy Press Vostochnaya Literatura, page 484
- Orbeli, I. A. (2002), “xunav, xwonav”, in Курдско-русский словарь [Kurdish–Russian Dictionary] (Избранные труды в двух томах; II.2) (in Russian), edited by Ž. S. Musaeljan and I. I. Cukerman from the author's manuscript written during his 1911–1912 Moks expedition, Yerevan: Academy Press, →ISBN, page 191b
- Jaba, Auguste; Justi, Ferdinand (1879) Dictionnaire Kurde-Français [Kurdish–French Dictionary], Saint Petersburg: Imperial Academy of Sciences, page 166a
- Rastorgujeva, V. S.; Edelʹman, D. I. (2007) Etimologičeskij slovarʹ iranskix jazykov [Etymological Dictionary of Iranian Languages] (in Russian), volume III, Moscow: Vostochnaya Literatura, pages 378, 455–457
- Cheung, Johnny (2007) Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 134, 143
- Dankoff, Robert (1995) Armenian Loanwords in Turkish (Turcologica; 21), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, page 66
Further reading
- Awetikʿean, G.; Siwrmēlean, X.; Awgerean, M. (1836–1837), “խոնաւ”, in Nor baṙgirkʿ haykazean lezui [New Dictionary of the Armenian Language] (in Old Armenian), Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy
- Łazarean, Ṙ. S. (2006), “խոնաւ”, in Grabari homanišneri baṙaran [Dictionary of Old Armenian Synonyms], Yerevan: University Press
- Petrosean, H. Matatʿeay V. (1879), “խոնաւ”, in Nor Baṙagirkʿ Hay-Angliarēn [New Dictionary Armenian–English], Venice: S. Lazarus Armenian Academy