be
Translingual
Etymology
Abbreviation of English Belarusian
Symbol
be
- (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Belarusian.
English
Etymology 1
From Middle English been (“to be”). The various forms have three separate origins, which were mixed together at various times in the history of English.
- The forms beginning with b- come from Old English bēon (“to be, become”), from Proto-Germanic *beuną (“to be, exist, come to be, become”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰúHt (“to grow, become, come into being, appear”), from the root *bʰuH-. In particular:
- Now-dialectal use of been as an infinitive of be is either from Middle English been (“to be”) or an extension of the past participle.
- Now-obsolete use of been as a plural present tense (meaning "are") is from Middle English been, be (present plural of been (“to be”), with the -n leveled in from the past and subjunctive; compare competing forms aren/are).
- Use of been as a past participle is from Middle English been, ybeen, from Old English ġebēon.
- The forms beginning with w- come from the aforementioned Old English bēon, which shared its past tense with the verb wesan, from Proto-West Germanic *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes- (“to reside”).
- The remaining forms are also from Old English wesan (“to be”), from Proto-West Germanic *wesan, from Proto-Germanic *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti, from the root *h₁es-.
Pronunciation
- (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /biː/
Audio (RP; “to be”) (file) - (General American) IPA(key): /bi/
Audio (GA) (file) - Rhymes: -iː
- Homophones: b, bee, Bea
Verb
be (highly irregular; see conjugation table)
- (intransitive, now usually literary) To exist; to have real existence, to be alive.
- The Universe has no explanation: it just is.
- 1526, [William Tyndale, transl.], The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], OCLC 762018299, Matthew ij:[18], folio iij, recto:
- Rachel wepynge ffor her chyldren / and wolde nott be comforted becauſe they were not.
- c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act III, scene iii], page 265:
- To be, or not to be: that is the question: / Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to suffer / The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, / Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, / And by opposing end them?
- 1603, Michel de Montaigne, chapter 12, in John Florio, transl., The Essayes […], book II, London: […] Val[entine] Simmes for Edward Blount […], OCLC 946730821, page 351:
- […] it were great sottishnesse, and apparent false-hood, to say, that that is which is not yet in being, or that already hath ceased from being.
- 1643, Thomas Browne, Religio Medici, II.2, link:
- There is surely a peece of Divinity in us, something that was before the Elements, and owes no homage unto the Sun.
- 1893, Andrew Martin Fairbairn, Christ in the Centuries, and Other Sermons, volume 12, second edition, E.P. Dutton & Company, page 116:
- And after this death there is to be no resurrection. The old man of sin has ceased to be; once crucified, he lives no more. The death is utter; the end complete.
- 1969 December 7, Monty Python, “Full Frontal Nudity, Dead Parrot sketch”, in Monty Python's Flying Circus, spoken by Mr Praline (John Cleese):
- This parrot is no more! It has ceased to be! It's expired and gone to meet its maker! This is a late parrot! It's a stiff! Bereft of life, it rests in peace! If you hadn't nailed it to the perch it would be pushing up the daisies!
- 2004, Richard Schickel, "Not Just an African Story", Time, 13 December:
- The genial hotel manager of the past is no more. Now owner of a trucking concern and living in Belgium, Rusesabagina says the horrors he witnessed in Rwanda "made me a different man."
- (with there, or dialectally it, as dummy subject) To exist.
- c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act IV, scene i], page 178:
- Some men there are loue not a gaping Pigge: / Some that are mad, if they behold a Cat: / And others, when the bag-pipe sings i’th nose, / Cannot containe their Vrine for affection.
- 1817 December, [Jane Austen], Persuasion; published in Northanger Abbey: And Persuasion. […], volume IV, London: John Murray, […], 1818, OCLC 318384910, page 170:
- "There is a sort of domestic enjoyment to be known even in a crowd, and this you had."
- 2011, Mark Sweney, The Guardian, 6 July:
- "There has been lots of commentary on who is staying and who is staying out and this weekend will be the real test," said one senior media buying agency executive who has pulled the advertising for one major client.
- There is just one woman in town who can help us.
- (or, dialectally:) It is just one woman in town who can help us.
-
- (intransitive) To occupy a place.
- The cup is on the table.
- (intransitive) To occur, to take place.
- When will the meeting be?
- (intransitive, in perfect tenses) Elliptical form of "be here", "go to and return from" or similar, also extending to certain other senses of "go".
- The postman has been today, but my tickets have still not yet come.
- I have been to Spain many times.
- We've been about twenty miles.
- I have terrible constipation – I haven't been for several days.
- They have been through a great deal of trouble.
- (copulative) Used to indicate that the subject and object are the same.
- Knowledge is bliss.
- Hi, I’m Jim.
- (copulative, mathematics) Used to indicate that the values on either side of an equation are the same.
- 3 times 5 is fifteen.
- (copulative) Used to indicate that the subject is an instance of the predicate nominal.
- A dog is an animal.
- Dogs are animals.
- (copulative) Used to indicate that the subject plays the role of the predicate nominal.
- François Mitterrand was president of France from 1981 to 1995.
- (copulative) Used to indicate that the subject has the qualities described by an adjective.
- The sky is blue.
- Father, if thou be willing, remove this cup from me: nevertheless not my will, but thine, be done. (Luke 22:42)
- (copulative) Used to indicate that the subject has the qualities described by a noun or noun phrase.
- The sky is a deep blue today.
- (auxiliary) Used to form the passive voice.
- The dog was saved by the boy.
- 1995, C. K. Ogden, Psyche: An Annual General and Linguistic Psychology 1920-1952, C. K. Ogden, →ISBN, page 13:
- Study courses of Esperanto and Ido have been broadcast.
- (auxiliary) Used to form the continuous aspect.
- The woman is walking.
- I shall be writing to you soon.
- We liked to chat while we were eating.
- 1995, C. K. Ogden, Psyche: An Annual General and Linguistic Psychology 1920-1952, C. K. Ogden, →ISBN, page 13:
- In the possibility of radio uses of a constructed language — and such experiments are proving successful—vast sums of money and untold social forces may be involved.
- (auxiliary) Used to form the perfect aspect with certain intransitive verbs; this was more common in archaic use, especially with verbs indicating motion. "He is finished", and "He is gone" are common, but "He is come" is archaic.
- c. 1606 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Macbeth”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act I, scene iv], page 133:
- They are not yet come back.
- 1850, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, The Blessed Damozel, ll.67-68
- ‘I wish that he were come to me, / For he will come,’ she said.
- Matthew 28:6 (various translations, from the King James Version of 1611 to Revised Version of 1881):
- He is not here; for he is risen […].
- 1922, A. E. Housman, Last Poems XXV, l.13, page 51:
- The King with half the East at heel is marched from lands of morning;
-
- (formal, auxiliary) Used to express future action as well as what is due to, intended to, or should happen.
- They are to be married next month.
- They are to stay here until I return.
- They are not to be blamed.
- How are they to get out of this mess?
- I am to leave tomorrow.
- I would drive you, were I to obtain a car.
- (copulative) Used to link a subject to a measurement.
- This building is three hundred years old.
- I am 75 kilograms.
- He’s about 6 feet tall.
- (copulative, with a cardinal numeral) Used to state the age of a subject in years.
- I’m 20 (years old).
- (with a dummy subject it) Used to indicate the time of day.
- It is almost eight (o’clock).
- It’s 8:30 [read eight-thirty] in Tokyo.
- What time is it there? It’s night.
- (With since) Used to indicate passage of time since the occurrence of an event.
- It has been three years since my grandmother died. (similar to "My grandmother died three years ago", but emphasizes the intervening period)
- It had been six days since his departure, when I received a letter from him.
- (rare and regional, chiefly in the past tense) Used to link two noun clauses, the first of which is a day of the week, recurring date, month, or other specific time (on which the event of the main clause took place), and the second of which is a period of time indicating how long ago that day was. [from 15th c.]
- I saw her Monday was a week: I saw her a week ago last Monday (a week before last Monday).
- On the morning of Sunday was fortnight before Christmas: on the morning of the Sunday that was two weeks before the Sunday prior to Christmas.
- 1748, [Samuel Richardson], Clarissa. Or, The History of a Young Lady: […], volume V, London: […] S[amuel] Richardson; […], OCLC 13631815, page 97:
- Miss Lardner (whom you have seen at her cousin Biddulph's) saw you at St James's church on Sunday was fortnight.
- 1770, Ireland, Historical Memoirs of the Irish Rebellion, in the year 1641 ... In a letter to Walter Harris, Esq; [By John Curry.] The fourth edition, with corrections throughout the whole, and large additions, by the author, page 186:
- And so, without as much as to return home to furnish myself for such a journey, volens, nolens, they prevailed, or rather forced me to come to Dublin to confer with those colonels, and that was the last August was twelvemonth.
- 1803, Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons, Journals of the House of Commons, page 249:
- That they were present at the Election in August was Twelvemonth, at which there was the strictest Scrutiny that ever they saw in their Lives, by all the Four Candidates.
- 1815 February 24, [Walter Scott], chapter V, in Guy Mannering; or, The Astrologer. […], volume I, Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, […]; and Archibald Constable and Co., […], OCLC 742335644, pages 79-80:
- Allow me to recommend some of the kipper—It was John Hay that catched it Saturday was three weeks.
- 1859, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], Adam Bede […], volume III, Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, OCLC 2108290, book fifth, page 53:
- “Did there come no young woman here—very young and pretty—Friday was a fortnight, to see Dinah Morris?”
- 1895, Miss M. E. Rope of Suffolk, quoted by Joseph Wright, in The English Dialect Dictionary, page 202:
- 'Twas there to-morrow is a week.
- 1907, John Millington Synge, The Playboy of the Western World, I, page 20:
- I killed my poor father, Tuesday was a week, for doing the like of that.
- 1920 (published), St. George Kieran Hyland, A Century of Persecution Under Tudor and Stuart Sovereigns from Contemporary Records, London, Paul, page 402, quoting an earlier document, Loosley volume 5, no. 28, "List of Prisoners: In Sir W. More's handwriting": :
- Theobald Green gent dead in the Marshalsea in August was twelvemonth
- John Grey gent delivered out of the Marshalsea about August last by Mr. Secretary and remains in St. Mary Overies.
- John Jacob gent delivered out of the Marsh. the XVII of May was twelvemonth and sent to Bridewell by order of the Council.
- (often impersonal, with it as a dummy subject) Used to indicate weather, air quality, or the like.
- It is hot in Arizona, but it is not usually humid.
- Why is it so dark in here?
- (dynamic / lexical "be", especially in progressive tenses, conjugated non-suppletively in the present tense, see usage notes) To exist or behave in a certain way.
- 2006 October 9, Kristin Newman (writer), Barney Stinson (character), How I Met Your Mother, season 2, episode 1:
- "When I get sad, I stop being sad and be awesome instead."
- "What do we do?" "We be ourselves."
- When I play fantasy games, I always be a gnome.
- Why is he being nice to me?
- 2006 October 9, Kristin Newman (writer), Barney Stinson (character), How I Met Your Mother, season 2, episode 1:
- (African-American Vernacular, Caribbean, auxiliary, not conjugated) To tend to do, often do; marks the habitual aspect.
- 1996, David Sheffield, Barry W. Blaustein, Tom Shadyac and Steve Oedekerk, screenplay of The Nutty Professor
- Women be shoppin’! You cannot stop a woman from shoppin’!
- 2020, Moneybagg Yo, Thug Cry
- Niggas be tellin' these bitches 'bout business
- 1996, David Sheffield, Barry W. Blaustein, Tom Shadyac and Steve Oedekerk, screenplay of The Nutty Professor
Usage notes
- When used copulatively with a pronoun, traditional grammar puts the pronoun in the subjective case (I, he, she, we, they) rather than the objective case (me, him, her, us, them), regardless of which side of the copula it is placed. For example, “I was the masked man” and “The masked man was I” would both be considered correct, while “The masked man was me” and “Me was the masked man” would both be incorrect. However, most colloquial speech treats the verb be as transitive, in which case the pronoun is used in the objective case if it occurs after the copula: “I was the masked man” but “The masked man was me”. This paradigm applies even if the copula is linking two pronouns; thus “I am her” and “She is me", and “Am I me?” (versus the traditional “I am she”, “She is I”, “Am I I?”). However, the use of whom with a copula is generally considered incorrect and a hypercorrection, though in some cases (especially in sentences involving a to-infinitive or a perfect tense), such as “Whom do you want to be?”, it can come naturally to some speakers; in short, straightforward sentences, such as “Whom are you?”, this is much rarer and likelier to be considered incorrect.
- Except senses 12 (auxiliary forming the passive voice), 13 (auxiliary forming the continuous aspect) and 22 (dynamic or lexical be), this is generally a stative verb that rarely takes the continuous aspect. See Category:English stative verbs.
Conjugation
infinitive | (to) be | ||
---|---|---|---|
present tense | past tense | ||
1st-person singular | am, 'm, be† | was, 's*, were* | |
2nd-person singular | are, 're, art†, 'rt† | were, wast†, wert† | |
3rd-person singular | is, 's, are**, 're**, beeth†, bes† | was, were*, were** | |
plural | are, 're, be†, been† | were, was*, 's* | |
subjunctive | be, beest† | were, wert† | |
imperative | be | — | |
participles | being | been |
†Archaic or obsolete. * Dialectal. ** Singular they.
- The verb be is the most irregular non-defective verb in Standard English. Unlike other verbs, which distinguish at most five forms (as in do–does–doing–did–done), be distinguishes many more:
- Be itself is the plain form, used as the infinitive, as the imperative, and as the present subjunctive (though many speakers do not distinguish the present indicative and present subjunctive, using the indicative forms for both).
- I want to be a father someday. (infinitive)
- If that be true... (present subjunctive; is is common in this position)
- Allow the truth to be heard! (infinitive)
- Please be here by eight o’clock. (imperative)
- The librarian asked that the rare books not be touched. (present subjunctive; speakers that do not distinguish the subjunctive and indicative would use an auxiliary verb construction here)
- Be is also used as the present tense indicative form in the alternative, dynamic / lexical conjugation of be:
- What do we do? We be ourselves. (first-person plural present indicative, lexical be)
- but: Who are we? We are human beings. (first-person plural present indicative, copula be)
- Be is also used as the present tense indicative form in the alternative, dynamic / lexical conjugation of be:
- It is also an archaic alternative form of the indicative, especially in the plural:[1]
- The powers that be, are ordained of God. (Romans 13:1, Tyndale Bible, 1526)[2]
- We are true men; we are no spies: We be twelve brethren... (Genesis 42:31-2, King James Version, 1611)[3]
- I think it be thine indeed, for thou liest in it. (Hamlet, Act V, Scene 1, circa 1600 — though this may be viewed as the subjunctive instead)[4]
- Am, are, and is are the forms of the present indicative. Am is the first-person singular (used with I); is is the third-person singular (used with he, she, it and other subjects that would be used with does rather than do); and are is both the second-person singular and the plural (used with we, you, they, and any other plural subjects).
- Am I in the right place? (first-person singular present indicative)
- You are even taller than your brother! (second-person singular present indicative)
- Where is the library? (third-person singular present indicative)
- These are the biggest shoes we have. (plural present indicative)
- Was and were are the forms of the past indicative and past subjunctive (like did). In the past indicative, was is the first- and third-person singular (used with I, as well as with he, she, it and other subjects that would be used with does rather than do), and were is both the second-person singular and the plural (used with we, you, they, and any other plural subjects). In the traditional past subjunctive, were is used with all subjects, though many speakers do not actually distinguish the past subjunctive from the past indicative, and therefore use was with first- and third-person singular subjects even in cases where other speakers would use were.
- I was out of town. (first-person singular past indicative)
- You were the first person here. (second-person singular past indicative)
- The room was dirty. (third-person singular past indicative)
- We were angry at each other. (plural past indicative)
- I wish I were more sure. (first-person singular past subjunctive; was is also common, though considered less correct by some)
- If she were here, she would know what to do. (third-person singular past subjunctive; was is also common, though considered less correct by some)
- Being is the gerund and present participle, used in progressive aspectual forms, after various catenative verbs, and in other constructions that function like nouns, adjectivally or adverbially. (It’s also used as a deverbal noun and as a conjunction; see those senses in the entry for being itself.)
- Being in London and being in Tokyo have similar rewards but in different languages. (gerund in grammatical subject)
- All of a sudden, he’s being nice to everyone. (present participle in progressive aspect)
- His mood being good increased his productivity noticeably. (present participle in adjectival phrase)
- It won’t stop being a problem until someone does something about it. (gerund after catenative verb)
- Been is the past participle, used in the perfect aspect. In Middle English, it was also the infinitive.
- It’s been that way for a week and a half.
- Be itself is the plain form, used as the infinitive, as the imperative, and as the present subjunctive (though many speakers do not distinguish the present indicative and present subjunctive, using the indicative forms for both).
- In archaic or obsolete forms of English, with the pronoun thou, the verb be has a few additional forms:
- When the pronoun thou was in regular use, the forms art, wast, and wert were the corresponding present indicative, past indicative, and past subjunctive, respectively.
- As thou became less common and more highly marked, a special present-subjunctive form beest developed (replacing the regular present subjunctive form be, still used with all other subjects). Additionally, the form wert, previously a past subjunctive form, came to be used as a past indicative as well.
- The forms am, is, and are can contract with preceding subjects: I’m (“I am”), ’s (“is”), ’re (“are”). The form are most commonly contracts with personal pronouns (we’re (“we are”), you’re (“you are”), they’re (“they are”)), but contractions with other subjects are possible; the form is contracts quite freely with a variety of subjects. These contracted forms, however, are possible only when there is an explicit, non-preposed complement, and they cannot be stressed; therefore, the contractions cannot appear at the end of a sentence. Instead one must use the full forms, such as:
- Who’s here? —I am.
- I wonder what it is.
- Additionally, does not occur in sentences such as the following:
- I don’t want to be involved. —But you are involved, regardless.
- Several of the finite forms of be have special negative forms, containing the suffix -n’t, that can be used instead of adding the adverb not. Specifically, the forms is, are, was, and were have the negative forms isn’t, aren’t, wasn’t, and weren’t. The form be itself does not, even in finite uses, with “not be” being used in the present subjunctive and “do not be” or “don’t be” (or, in dated use, “be not”) being used in the imperative. The form am has the negative forms aren’t, amn’t, and ain’t, but all of these are in restricted use; see their entries for details.
- Outside of Standard English, there is some variation in usage of some forms; some dialects, for example, use is or ’s throughout the present indicative (supplanting, in whole or in part, am and are), and/or was throughout the past indicative and past subjunctive (supplanting were).
Alternative forms
- bee (obsolete)
Synonyms
- (to exist): See also Thesaurus:exist
- (used to form passive): get
Derived terms
- gonnabe
- wannabe
Translations
References
- “be”, in The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 4th edition, Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 2000, →ISBN.
- “be”, in Dictionary.com Unabridged, Dictionary.com, LLC, 1995–present.
- "be" in WordNet 2.0, Princeton University, 2003.
Etymology 2
A variant of by which goes back to Middle English be (variant of Middle English bi).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bi/, /bə/, /bɪ/,[5] (Northumberland) /bɛ/[5]
Preposition
be
- (dialectal, possibly dated) Alternative form of by. Also found in compounds, especially oaths, e.g. begorra.
- 1851, Oliver Ormerod, Felley fro Rachde:
- O ful tru un pertikler akeawnt o... th' greyt Eggshibishun. Be o felley fro Rachde.
- 1860, Henry Baird, The Song of Solomon in the Devonshire Dialect, i 8:
- Go thy way vorth be tha vootsteps uv tha vlock.
- 1870, Joseph Philip Robson, Evangeline: The Spirit of Progress, 332:
- Aw teuk me seat be day an' neet.
- 1870, Roger Piketah, Forness Folk 44:
- Fetchin' it yan... be a round about rooad.
- 1878, John Castillo, Poems in the North Yorkshire Dialect, 35:
- Like a leeaf be firm decree / Mun fade an' fall.
- 1885, Alfred Lord Tennyson, To-morrow:
- ‘I'll meet you agin to-morra,’ says he, ‘be the chapel-door.’
- 1851, Oliver Ormerod, Felley fro Rachde:
Etymology 3
Borrowed from Russian бэ (bɛ).
Noun
be (plural bes)
- The name of the Cyrillic script letter Б / б.
References
- Goold Brown (1851), “Of Verbs”, in The Grammar of English Grammars, […], New York, N.Y.: […] Samuel S. & William Wood, […], page 357.
- [William Tyndale, transl.] (1526) The Newe Testamẽt […] (Tyndale Bible), [Worms, Germany: Peter Schöffer], OCLC 762018299, Romans xiij:[1], folio ccxiij, recto: “The powers that be / are ordeyned off God.”
- The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], 1611, OCLC 964384981, Genesis 42:31–32, column 2: “We are true men; we are no ſpies. We be twelue brethren […]”.
- William Shakespeare (c. 1599–1602), “The Tragedie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, OCLC 606515358, [Act V, scene i], page 277, column 2: “I thinke it be thine indeed: for thou lieſt in’t.”
- Joseph Wright, editor (1898), “BE”, in The English Dialect Dictionary: […], volume I (A–C), London: Henry Frowde, […], publisher to the English Dialect Society, […]; New York, N.Y.: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, OCLC 81937840.
Anagrams
- EB, Eb
Albanian
Etymology
From Proto-Albanian *bẹðə < *baidā, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰoydʰ-eh₂ < *bʰeydʰ- (“to persuade”).[1] Compare Old English bād (“pledge, expectation”), Proto-Slavic *bě̄dà, Ancient Greek πείθω (peíthō), Latin foedus.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [bɛ]
Noun
be f (indefinite plural be, definite singular beja, definite plural betë)
- oath
- vow, swearing
Derived terms
- përbej
- besë
- betoj
- betohem
- bind
References
- Schumacher, Stefan; Matzinger, Joachim (2013) Die Verben des Altalbanischen: Belegwörterbuch, Vorgeschichte und Etymologie (Albanische Forschungen; 33) (in German), Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, →ISBN, page 236
Balinese
Romanization
be
- Romanization of ᬩᬾ
Basque
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /be/, [be̞]
Noun
be inan
- The name of the Latin-script letter B.
Declension
Declension of be (inanimate, ending in vowel) | |||
---|---|---|---|
indefinite | singular | plural | |
absolutive | be | bea | beak |
ergative | bek | beak | beek |
dative | beri | beari | beei |
genitive | beren | bearen | been |
comitative | berekin | bearekin | beekin |
causative | berengatik | bearengatik | beengatik |
benefactive | berentzat | bearentzat | beentzat |
instrumental | bez | beaz | beez |
inessive | betan | bean | beetan |
locative | betako | beko | beetako |
allative | betara | bera | beetara |
terminative | betaraino | beraino | beetaraino |
directive | betarantz | berantz | beetarantz |
destinative | betarako | berako | beetarako |
ablative | betatik | betik | beetatik |
partitive | berik | — | — |
prolative | betzat | — | — |
See also
- (Latin-script letter names) a, be, ze, de, e, efe, ge, hatxe, i, jota, ka, ele, eme, ene, eñe, o, pe, ku, erre, ese, te, u, uve, uve bikoitz, ixa, i greko, zeta
Blagar
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /be/
Noun
be
- pig
References
- A. Schapper, The Papuan Languages of Timor, Alor and Pantar: Volume 1
- Stokhof (1975)
Catalan
Pronunciation
- (Balearic, Central, Valencian) IPA(key): /ˈbe/
- Rhymes: -e
Noun
be f (plural bes)
- The name of the Latin-script letter B.
Usage notes
In some dialects of Catalan, the sounds associated with the letter b and the letter v are the same: [b ~ β]. In order to differentiate be and ve in those dialects, the letters are often called be alta (“high B”) and ve baixa (“low V”).
Derived terms
- be alta
Etymology 2
Onomatopoeic from the sound of a lamb.
Pronunciation
- (Balearic, Central, Valencian) IPA(key): /ˈbɛ/
Noun
be m (plural bens)
- sheep, ram, ewe, lamb; an individual of the species Ovis aries.
Hyponyms
- anyell
- marrà
- moltó
- ovella
Further reading
- “be” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
Dorasque
Noun
be
- (Changuena, Chumulu, Gualaca) night
References
- Alphonse Louis Pinart, Vocabulario Castellano-dorasque, Dialectos Chumulu, Gualaca Y Changuina (1890)
East Central German
Etymology
From Old High German bī, from Proto-Germanic *bi. Compare German bei.
Preposition
be
- (Erzgebirgisch) at; with; by; near; (close) to
Further reading
- 2020 June 11, Hendrik Heidler, Hendrik Heidler's 400 Seiten: Echtes Erzgebirgisch: Wuu de Hasen Hoosn haaßn un de Hosen Huusn do sei mir drhamm: Das Original Wörterbuch: Ratgeber und Fundgrube der erzgebirgischen Mund- und Lebensart: Erzgebirgisch – Deutsch / Deutsch – Erzgebirgisch, 3. geänderte Auflage edition, Norderstedt: BoD – Books on Demand, →ISBN, OCLC 932028867, page 21:
Esperanto
Etymology
Onomatopoeic.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈbe]
- Rhymes: -e
- Hyphenation: '‧be
Interjection
be
- The characteristic cry of a sheep.
Derived terms
- bei
Faroese
Noun
be n (genitive singular bes, plural be)
- The name of the Latin-script letter B.
Declension
Declension of be | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
n4 | singular | plural | ||
indefinite | definite | indefinite | definite | |
nominative | be | beið | be | beini |
accusative | be | beið | be | beini |
dative | be, bei | benum | beum | beunum |
genitive | bes | besins | bea | beanna |
See also
- (Latin-script letter names) bókstavur; a / fyrra a, á, be, de, edd, e, eff, ge, há, i / fyrra i, í / fyrra í, jodd, ká, ell, emm, enn, o, ó, pe, err, ess, te, u, ú, ve, seinna i, seinna í, seinna a, ø
Guerrero Amuzgo
Adjective
be
- red
Hungarian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈbɛ]
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -bɛ
Adverb
be (comparative beljebb, superlative legbeljebb)
- in (towards the interior of a defined space, such as a building or room)
- Antonym: ki
Usage notes
This term may also be part of the split form of a verb prefixed with be-, occurring when the main verb does not follow the prefix directly. It can be interpreted only with the related verb form, irrespective of its position in the sentence, e.g. meg tudták volna nézni (“they could have seen it”, from megnéz). For verbs with this prefix, see be-; for an overview, Appendix:Hungarian verbal prefixes.
Derived terms
- befelé
- ki-be
Related terms
- -ba / -be
- -ban / -ben
- be → be-
- bél (and archaic bel)
- bel-
- bele (belé, beléje)
- -beli (-béli)
- beljebb (bellebb)
- bellebbez (beljebbez)
- belőle
- belső (benső)
- belül (belől, bévül)
- benne
- bennünket, -eteket
- bent (benn)
- -ból / -ből
Further reading
- (adverb: “in”): be in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- (interjection-like adverb: “how…!”; a dated, poetic synonym of de): be in Bárczi, Géza and László Országh. A magyar nyelv értelmező szótára (‘The Explanatory Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1959–1962. Fifth ed., 1992: →ISBN
- be in Ittzés, Nóra (ed.). A magyar nyelv nagyszótára (’A Comprehensive Dictionary of the Hungarian Language’). Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 2006–2031 (work in progress; published A–ez as of 2023)
Anagrams
- eb
Iau
Noun
be
- fire
Further reading
Bill Palmer, The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area (→ISBN, 2017), page 531, table 95, Comparative basic vocabulary in Lakes Plain Languages
Ido
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /be/, /bɛ/
Noun
be (plural be-i)
- The name of the Latin script letter B/b.
See also
- (Latin script letter names) litero; a, be, ce, che, de, e, fe, ge, he, i, je, ke, le, me, ne, o, pe, que, re, se, she, te, u, ve, we, xe, ye, ze (Category: io:Latin letter names)
Italian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): **/ˈbe/*[1]
- Rhymes: -e
- Hyphenation: bé
Noun
be f (invariable)
- (regional, obsolete) Alternative form of bi
References
- be in Luciano Canepari, Dizionario di Pronuncia Italiana (DiPI)
Further reading
- be in Treccani.it – Vocabolario Treccani on line, Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana
Japanese
Romanization
be
- Rōmaji transcription of べ (hiragana)
- Rōmaji transcription of ベ (katakana)
Karajá
Noun
be
- water
References
- David Lee Fortune, Gramática Karajá: um Estudo Preliminar em Forma Transformacional
Latin
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /beː/, [beː]
- (Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /be/, [bɛː]
Noun
bē f (indeclinable)
- The name of the letter B.
Coordinate terms
- (Latin-script letter names) littera; ā, bē, cē, dē, ē, ef, gē, hā / *acca, ī, kā, el, em, en, ō, pē, kū, er, es, tē, ū, ix / īx / ex, ȳ / ī graeca / ȳpsīlon, zēta
References
- Arthur E. Gordon, The Letter Names of the Latin Alphabet (University of California Press, 1973; volume 9 of University of California Publications: Classical Studies), part III: “Summary of the Ancient Evidence”, page 32: "Clearly there is no question or doubt about the names of the vowels A, E, I, O, U. They are simply long A, long E, etc. (ā, ē, ī, ō, ū). Nor is there any uncertainty with respect to the six mutes B, C, D, G, P, T. Their names are bē, cē, dē, gē, pē, tē (each with a long E). Or about H, K, and Q: they are hā, kā, kū—each, again, with a long vowel sound."
Lithuanian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [bʲɛ]
Preposition
be (with genitive)
- (shows absence of something) without
- besides; but, except
Antonyms
- su
Malagasy
Adjective
be
- big; great
- Antonym: kely
- many; numerous
Middle English
Etymology 1
From Old English bēon.
Verb
be
- Alternative form of been
Etymology 2
From Old English bēo.
Noun
be
- Alternative form of bee
Etymology 3
From Old English bēo, bēom, first-person singular of bēon, from Proto-Germanic *biumi, first-person singular of *beuną.
Verb
be
- first-person singular present indicative of been
Usage notes
- Less common than am.
Etymology 4
From Old English bēo, singular subjunctive of bēon.
Verb
be
- singular present subjunctive of been
Descendants
- English: be
- Scots: be
Etymology 5
From Old English bēo, 2nd-person singular imperative of bēon, from Proto-Germanic *beu, 2nd-person singular imperative of *beuną.
Verb
be
- singular imperative of been
Descendants
- English: be
- Scots: be
Etymology 6
Old English bēoþ (with the -þ replaced with an -n levelled in from the past and subjunctive, then lost), present plural of bēon (“to be”), from Proto-Germanic *biunþi, third-person present plural of *beuną (“to be, become”).
Alternative forms
- been
Verb
be
- plural present of been
Usage notes
The usual plural form of been is aren in the North, been in the Midlands, and beth in the South; sind also existed, especially early on, but was not the predominant form in any area.
Descendants
- English: be (obsolete or dialectal as the plural)
- Scots: be
Mòcheno
Etymology
From Middle High German wec, from Old High German weg, from Proto-West Germanic *weg, from Proto-Germanic *wegaz (“way, path”). Cognate with German Weg, English way.
Noun
be m
- path, way
Derived terms
- òlbe
References
- “be” in Cimbrian, Ladin, Mòcheno: Getting to know 3 peoples. 2015. Servizio minoranze linguistiche locali della Provincia autonoma di Trento, Trento, Italy.
Norwegian Bokmål
Etymology
From Old Norse biðja.
Verb
be (imperative be, present tense ber, passive bes, simple past ba or bad, past participle bedt, present participle beende)
- to pray
- to ask something of someone
Synonyms
- bede
Derived terms
- beding
Related terms
- bønn
References
- “be” in The Bokmål Dictionary.
- “be” in The Ordnett Dictionary
Norwegian Nynorsk
Alternative forms
- beda
- bede
Etymology
From Old Norse biðja. Akin to English bid.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /beː/
Verb
be (present tense ber, past tense bad, supine bede or bedd or bedt, past participle beden or bedd, present participle bedande, imperative be)
- to pray
- to ask something of someone
Derived terms
- beding
Related terms
- bøn / bønn
References
- “be” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.
- “be” in The Ordnett Dictionary
Occitan
Pronunciation
Audio (Gascon) (file)
Noun
be f (plural bes)
- bee (the letter b)
Old English
Etymology
From Proto-Germanic *bi.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /be/
Preposition
be
- about (concerning)
- by, in various senses:
- near or next to
- not later than
- based on, according to
See also
- bī
Old Irish
Alternative forms
- (2nd sg. pres. subj.): ba
Verb
be
- second-person singular present subjunctive of is
- first/second-person singular future of is
Old Prussian
Conjunction
be
- and
- wāiklis be mērgā - a boy and a girl
Preposition
be
- without
Phalura
Etymology
From Sanskrit वयम् (vayam, “we”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /be/
Pronoun
be (personal, Perso-Arabic spelling بےۡ)
- we (1pl nom)
References
- Liljegren, Henrik; Haider, Naseem (2011) Palula Vocabulary (FLI Language and Culture Series; 7), Islamabad, Pakistan: Forum for Language Initiatives, →ISBN
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985), “be”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
Polish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /bɛ/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -ɛ
- Syllabification: be
Etymology 1
From the phonetic pronunciation of the letter B/b.
Noun
be n (indeclinable)
- The name of the Latin-script letter B.
Etymology 2
Onomatopoeic.
Adjective
be (comparative bardziej be, superlative najbardziej be, adverb be)
- (childish) icky, yucky
- Synonyms: see Thesaurus:zły
Adverb
be (comparative bardziej be, superlative najbardziej be)
- (childish) icky, yucky
Interjection
be
- (colloquial) Used with children to tell them not to touch something, bad! no touchy!
- (onomatopoeia) Used to imitate the sound of a sheep or ram, baa
- Synonym: me
Derived terms
- bekliwy
- ani be, ani me
- bek
- bekowisko
- beksa
- beczeć impf
- bekać impf, beknąć pf
Further reading
- be in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- be in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Romanian
Etymology
Onomatopoeic.
Interjection
be
- baa (sound made by sheep or goats)
Savi
Etymology
From Sanskrit वयम् (vayam).
Pronoun
be
- we; first-person plural personal pronoun
References
- Nina Knobloch (2020) A grammar sketch of Sauji: An Indo-Aryan language of Afghanistan, Stockholm University
Scots
Etymology 1
From Middle English been, from Old English bēon. The various forms have different further etymologies:
- The b- forms derive from Proto-Germanic *beuną.
- All other forms derive from Proto-Germanic *wesaną
Cognates include English be.
Alternative forms
- bey
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [bi(ː)], [bɪ][1]
Verb
be
- to be
Conjugation
infinitive | tae be | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present participle | bein | |||||||||||||||||
past participle | been | |||||||||||||||||
person | singular | plural | ||||||||||||||||
A | thoo1 | he/she/it | we | ye | they | |||||||||||||
regular | emphatic | negative | regular | emphatic | negative | regular | emphatic | negative | regular | emphatic | negative | regular | emphatic | negative | regular | emphatic | negative | |
present | am | amna | art | artna | is | isna | are | arena | are | arena | are | arena | ||||||
past | wis | wis, wir2 | ||||||||||||||||
1Archaic. | ||||||||||||||||||
2Used only with plural pronouns. |
infinitive | tae be | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
present participle | bein | |||||||||||||||||
past participle | been | |||||||||||||||||
person | singular | plural | ||||||||||||||||
A | ee | hei/shi/it | oo | yow yins | they | |||||||||||||
regular | emphatic | negative | regular | emphatic | negative | regular | emphatic | negative | regular | emphatic | negative | regular | emphatic | negative | regular | emphatic | negative | |
present | im | em, um | imni | ir | er, ur | irni | is | es | isni | ir | er, ur | irni | is | es | isni | ir | er, ur | irni |
past | wuz | wuz, wur | wuz | wur |
Etymology 2
See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [bə], [bɪ][2]
Conjunction
be
- Alternative form of by
References
- “be, v..” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.
- “by, prep., adv., conj..” in the Dictionary of the Scots Language, Edinburgh: Scottish Language Dictionaries.
Serili
Noun
be
- water
References
- Roger Blench, The Enggano (in notes)
- ABVD (as 'bɛ)
- ASJP (as bE, representing bɛ)
Slovene
Etymology
Probably from the German name of the letter B (pronounced [beː]).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /béː/
Noun
bẹ̑ m inan
- The name of the Latin-script letter B.
Inflection
Masculine inan., soft o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | bé | ||
gen. sing. | bêja | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative (imenovȃlnik) | bé | bêja | bêji |
genitive (rodȋlnik) | bêja | bêjev | bêjev |
dative (dajȃlnik) | bêju | bêjema | bêjem |
accusative (tožȋlnik) | bé | bêja | bêje |
locative (mẹ̑stnik) | bêju | bêjih | bêjih |
instrumental (orọ̑dnik) | bêjem | bêjema | bêji |
Synonyms
- b
Sotho
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-bɪ́ɪ̀.
Adjective
be
- bad
Spanish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈbe/ [ˈbe]
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -e
- Syllabification: be
- Homophone: ve
Noun
be f (plural bes)
- The name of the Latin-script letter B.
- Synonyms: be larga, be alta, be grande, be de burro
- Coordinate terms: uve, ve corta, ve baja, ve chica, ve de vaca
Etymology 2
Echoic.
Noun
be m (plural bes)
- baa (bleating of a sheep)
Further reading
- “be”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Sumerian
Romanization
be
- Romanization of 𒁁 (be)
Swedish
Alternative forms
- bedja (archaic)
Etymology
From older bedja, from Old Swedish biþia, from Old Norse biðja, from Proto-Germanic *bidjaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰedʰ-. Cognate with Danish bede, Icelandic biðja, English bid, Dutch bidden, German bitten.
Pronunciation
audio (file) - Homophone: B
- Rhymes: -eː
Verb
be (present ber, preterite bad, supine bett, imperative be)
- to ask for, request someone else to do something
- Han bad om ett glas vatten ― He asked for a glass of water
- Jag vill be om en tjänst ― I want to ask you a favor
- Han bad honom lämna rummet ― He asked him to leave the room
- to pray
- De satt i kyrkan och bad ― They sat in church, praying
- to beg, to plead with someone for help or for a favor
- Hjälp mig! Jag ber dig! ― Help me! I beg of you!
Conjugation
Active | Passive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | be | bes | ||
Supine | bett | betts | ||
Imperative | be | — | ||
Imper. plural1 | ben | — | ||
Present | Past | Present | Past | |
Indicative | ber | bad | bes | bads |
Ind. plural1 | be | bådo | bes | bådos |
Subjunctive2 | be | både | bes | bådes |
Participles | ||||
Present participle | beende | |||
Past participle | bedd | |||
1 Archaic. 2 Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs. |
Active | Passive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | bedja | bedjas | ||
Supine | bett | betts | ||
Imperative | bed | — | ||
Imper. plural1 | beden | — | ||
Present | Past | Present | Past | |
Indicative | beder | bad | beds, bedes, bedjes | bads |
Ind. plural1 | bedja | bådo | bedjas | bådos |
Subjunctive2 | bede | både | bedes | bådes |
Participles | ||||
Present participle | bedjande | |||
Past participle | bedd | |||
1 Archaic. 2 Dated. See the appendix on Swedish verbs. |
Synonyms
- bedja (dated for prayer, archaic for other senses)
Related terms
- bedjare
- bön
- ombe
- tillbe
Further reading
- be in Svensk ordbok.
Tarao
Alternative forms
- beh
Noun
be
- bean, beans
References
- 2002, Chungkham Yashwanta Singh, Tarao Grammar
Turkish
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /be/
Noun
be
- The name of the Latin-script letter B.
See also
- (Latin-script letter names) harf; a, be, ce, çe, de, e, fe, ge, yumuşak ge, he, ı, i, je, ke, le, me, ne, o, ö, pe, re, se, şe, te, u, ü, ve, ye, ze
Noun
be
- Letter of the Arabic alphabet: ب
Etymology 3
From Ottoman Turkish به (be).
Interjection
be
- (very informal) hey there, hey! you! (implying disapproval of the addressee’s actions)
- strengthening of the preceding sentence
- Bu yük çok ağır be! ― My, this load is very heavy
References
- Kélékian, Diran (1911), “به”, in Dictionnaire turc-français, Constantinople: Mihran, page 297
Tzotzil
Pronunciation
- (Zinacantán) IPA(key): /ɓɛ/
Noun
be
- road, path, way
References
- Laughlin, Robert M. (1975) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantán. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
- Laughlin, Robert M. [et al.] (1988) The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of Santo Domingo Zinacantán, vol. I. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Vietnamese
Pronunciation
- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [ʔɓɛ˧˧]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [ʔɓɛ˧˧]
- (Hồ Chí Minh City) IPA(key): [ʔɓɛ˧˧]
Etymology 1
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Noun
be
- wine flask
- Rượu ngon chẳng quản be sành.
- Good wine does not mind a terracotta flask.
Etymology 2
Borrowed from French beige.
Adjective
be
- beige
- chiếc áo mưa màu be — a beige raincoat
Etymology 3
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Verb
be
- To build a mud embankment with one's hands.
- To prop up the lip of a sack while topping off the sack, to ensure a more generous quantity.
- lấy tay be miệng đấu khi đong đỗ — to surround the top of a measure with one's hands while measuring beans
- Đong bình thường, không được be đâu đấy. — Measure it out normally; don't prop up the lip of the sack.
Etymology 4
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Verb
be
- To hug a boundary or riverbank.
- Thuyền be theo bờ sông.
- The boat hugged the riverbank.
Etymology 5
Onomatopoeic
Interjection
be • (𠻻, 𠾦)
- (onomatopoeia) bleat; baa
Related terms
- dê (“goat”)
- cừu (“sheep”)
References
"be" in Hồ Ngọc Đức, Free Vietnamese Dictionary Project (details)
West Makian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /be/
Noun
be
- water
References
- Clemens Voorhoeve (1982) The Makian languages and their neighbours, Pacific linguistics
Yola
Verb
be
- Alternative form of ba (“to be”)
- 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 2:
- Well, gosp, c'hull be zeid; mot thee fartoo, an fade;
- Well, gossip, it shall be told; you ask what ails me, and for what;
-
Preposition
be
- Alternative form of bee (“by”)
- 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 13:
- Ha-ho! be mee coshes, th'ast ee-pait it, co Joane;
- Hey-ho! by my conscience, you have paid it, quoth John;
-
Verb
be
- Alternative form of ba (“are”)
- 1867, “A YOLA ZONG”, in SONGS, ETC. IN THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, number 14:
- Shoo ya aam zim to doone, as w' be doone nowe;
- She gave them some to do, as we are doing now;
-
References
- Jacob Poole (1867), William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, page 84 & 90
Zia
Noun
be
- mouth
Zou
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /be˧˩/
Noun
bè
- bean
References
- Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 40
Zulu
Etymology
From -ba (“to be”).
Pronunciation
IPA(key): /ɓe/
Verb
-be
- (auxiliary) forms continuous tenses [+participial]
- Ngesonto elilandelayo ngizobe ngisebenza kakhulu.
- Next week I will be working a lot.
- Ngesonto elilandelayo ngizobe ngisebenza kakhulu.
Usage notes
In past tenses, this auxiliary is usually contracted.
Ngibe ngihamba → Bengihamba "I was walking." (recent past)
Ngabe ngihamba → Ngangihamba "I was walking." (remote past)
Inflection
This entry needs an inflection-table template.
References
C. M. Doke; B. W. Vilakazi (1972), “-ɓe”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “-ɓe”