по
See also: По, ПО, по-, and Appendix:Variations of "po"
Bulgarian
Etymology 1
From Proto-Slavic *po.
Pronunciation
- (unstressed) IPA(key): [pɔ]
Preposition
по • (po)
- used to indicate movement over a surface or movement bound to certain limits (usually continuous or repeating in time), on, over, through, along
- Вървя по улицата.
- Vǎrvja po ulicata.
- I am walking on the street.
- introducing the object of a targeted action or for an action related to certain state, on, over, for
- Потупах го по рамото.
- Potupah go po ramoto.
- I tapped him on the shoulder.
- Ударих го по главата.
- Udarih go po glavata.
- I hit him on/over the head.
- Тъгувам по лятото.
- Tǎguvam po ljatoto.
- I long for the summer.
- in conjunction with countable nouns for price or quantity, expressing quantity, expressing distribution, by
- По евро за книга.
- Po evro za kniga.
- A euro for a book.
- Двама по двама.
- Dvama po dvama.
- Two by two.
- Тичам по малко (всеки ден).
- Tičam po malko (vseki den).
- I am running a little (every day).
- expressing approximate time
- По обед.
- Po obed.
- Around lunchtime.
- По Коледа.
- Po Koleda.
- Around Christmas.
- used to describe attire, in, with ... on
- Ходя по чорапи.
- Hodja po čorapi.
- I am walking in my socks.
- used to indicate means, by, via, on
- Пращам го по автобус.
- Praštam go po avtobus.
- I am sending it by bus.
- Пращам го по въздушна поща.
- Praštam go po vǎzdušna pošta.
- I am sending it via airmail.
- Говоря по телефона.
- Govorja po telefona.
- I am talking on the phone.
- indicating an activity or it's domain, of
- Учител по история.
- Učitel po istorija.
- History teacher.
- Факултет по физика.
- Fakultet po fizika.
- Faculty of physics.
- according to, based on, by, of
- Съдя го по външността му.
- Sǎdja go po vǎnšnostta mu.
- I am judging him by his appearance.
- Работя по усмотрение.
- Rabotja po usmotrenie.
- I work of my own accord.
- used to indicate cause, by
- Пропуснато е по погрешка.
- Propusnato e po pogreška.
- It is missed by mistake.
- По негова вина закъснях.
- Po negova vina zakǎsnjah.
- It is his fault I was late.
- used to indicate direction, along
- Плувам по течението.
- Pluvam po tečenieto.
- I am swimming along the current.
- Ходя по пътеката.
- Hodja po pǎtekata.
- I am walking along the path.
Pronunciation
- (stressed) IPA(key): [pɔ]
Particle
по́- • (pó-)
- used as a prefix to form comparative for adjectives and adverbs, more
- Корабите са по-бавни от самолетите.
- Korabite sa po-bavni ot samoletite.
- Ships are slower than airplanes.
- Този филм е по-интересен.
- Tozi film e po-interesen.
- This film is more interesting.
- Трябва да ходя по-бързо.
- Trjabva da hodja po-bǎrzo.
- I should walk faster.
по́ • (pó)
- used for nouns, verbs and other parts of speech to form a comparative, more
- По́ я обичам!
- Pó ja običam!
- I love her more!
- Той е по́ юнак от теб.
- Toj e pó junak ot teb.
- He is more of a hero than you.
- used before prepositions to form a comparative, more, further
- Областта е по́ на север.
- Oblastta e pó na sever.
- The region is further to the north.
See also
- повече (poveče)
Macedonian
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *po.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [pɔ]
- Rhymes: -ɔ
Preposition
по • (po)
- after
- Ќе се вратат по вечерата. ― Ḱe se vratat po večerata. ― They'll return after dinner.
- on (movement along a surface)
- Одам по улицата. ― Odam po ulicata. ― I'm walking on the street.
- by (distributive)
- Влезете еден по еден. ― Vlezete eden po eden. ― Enter one by one.
- times
- Два по два е четири. ― Dva po dva e četiri. ― Two times two is four.
- (colloquial) according to
- По тебе, што ќе се случи следно? ― Po tebe, što ḱe se sluči sledno? ― According to you, what's going to happen next?
- wearing
- Излегува по кратки ракави. ― Izleguva po kratki rakavi. ― He goes out wearing short sleeves.
- in pursuit of, in order to acquire
- Отиде на пазар по пиперки. ― Otide na pazar po piperki. ― He went to the marketplace to get peppers.
Old Church Slavonic
Etymology
From Proto-Slavic *po.
Preposition
по • (po)
- along
- on
- after
- by
References
- Mali staroslavensko-hrvatski rječnik, Matica hrvatska, Zagreb, 2004
Russian
Etymology
Inherited from Proto-Slavic *po, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [pə]
- IPA(key): [pɐ] (before a stressed syllable)
- IPA(key): [ˈpo] (when stressed)
Audio (file)
Preposition
по • (po)
- with accusative case
- up to
- till
- indicates distribution (with numerals other than one, a thousand, a million, a billion, a trillion, etc. and compound numerals ending these words)
- по́ два (две)/ по две́сти ― pó dva (dve) / po dvésti ― two / two hundred each
- with dative case
- along
- over
- around
- about
- on
- плытьпо реке́ ― plytʹ po reké ― to swim in a river
- according to
- showing the cause that is unwanting or unwilling (see из-за usage notes for more detail)
- indicates the direct object of some verbs of striking or hitting
- нанести́ уда́рпо я́дерным объе́ктам Ира́на ― nanestí udár po jádernym obʺjéktam Irána ― to launch a strike at Iran's nuclear ambitions
- indicates repetition of time
- по четверга́м ― po četvergám ― on Thursdays (every Thursday)
- indicates distribution (with numerals one, a thousand, a million, a billion, a trillion, etc. and compound numerals ending in these words)
- по одному́ (одно́й)/ по ты́сяче/ по миллио́ну/ по миллиа́рду ― po odnomú (odnój) / po týsjače / po milliónu / po milliárdu ― one / a thousand / a million / a billion each
- with prepositional case
- on, immediately after
- по прие́зде ― po prijézde ― on arrival
- for
- носи́ть траурпо нём ― nosítʹ traur po njom ― be in mourning for him
- to the liking of
- по нём ― po njom ― to his liking
- on, immediately after
Usage notes
- When used with numerals in a distributive sense, the following should be noted:
- The case of the numeral is the dative for the numerals one, a thousand, a million, a billion, a trillion, etc. and compound numerals ending in these words, e.g. twenty-one, but the accusative inanimate (even with animate nouns) for the remainder.
- Я дал импо пя́ть рубле́й. ― Ja dal im po pjátʹ rubléj. ― I gave them five rubles each.
- Я дал импо двадцати́ одному́ рублю́. ― Ja dal im po dvadcatí odnomú rubljú. ― I gave them twenty-one rubles each.
- Мы отпра́вилипо три́ челове́ка. ― My otprávili po trí čelovéka. ― We sent three men each. (note, not animate *трёх)
- The case of an associated noun, if any, follows the normal rules for the numeral (dative singular for one and compounds ending in one; genitive singular for two, three, four and compounds ending in these numerals; and genitive plural in all other cases).
- With два (dva), три (tri), сто (sto) (but not compounds ending in these numerals), the stress is optionally drawn onto по:
- Я дал импо́ два/по два́ рубля́. ― Ja dal im pó dva/po dvá rubljá. ― I gave them two rubles each.
- The case of the numeral is the dative for the numerals one, a thousand, a million, a billion, a trillion, etc. and compound numerals ending in these words, e.g. twenty-one, but the accusative inanimate (even with animate nouns) for the remainder.
Related terms
- по ме́ре того́ как (po mére tovó kak)
Serbo-Croatian
Etymology 1
From пол, from Proto-Slavic *polъ. See по-.
Alternative forms
- по̑л
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pôː/
Adverb
по̑ (Latin spelling pȏ)
- half
- сат и по ― hour and a half
- четири и по ― four thirty
- чов(ј)ек и по ― an excellent man
Etymology 2
From Proto-Slavic *po, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂(e)po.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pô/
Preposition
по̏ (Latin spelling pȍ)
- (+ accusative case) for
- отићи по мл(иј)еко ― to go and get the milk
- по ц(иј)ели дан ― all day long
- по шести пут ― for the sixth time
- бити штетан по некога/нешто ― to be harmful for sb/sth
- добро/лоше по њега ― good/bad for him
- (+ locative case) over, through, across, in, on
- ударити по глави ― to hit on the head
- сн(иј)ег је пао по цести ― snow fell on the road
- вода се пролила по поду ― water spilled over the floor
- шетати по шуми ― to walk in the woods
- (+ locative case) by, with, through (using an intermediary or medium)
- Послао сам му пакет по заједничком пријатељу. ― I've sent him a package via a mutual friend.
- по зраку/води ― by air/water
- (+ locative case) by, according to
- све иде по плану ― everything is going according to the plan
- Америка је прва држава по богатству у св(иј)ету. ― America is the richest country in the world.
- по глави становника ― per capita
- жив(ј)ети по принципима ― to live according to principles
- по мом(е) мишљењу ― in my opinion
- по мом рачуну ― by my reckoning
- по мени ― in my opinion; as far as I'm concerned
- свирати по слуху ― to play by ear
- судити по вањштини ― to judge by appearance
- (+ locative case) after
- по свршетку сукоба ― after (the end of) the conflict
- (+ locative case) during
- по киши/сунцу ― in the rain/sun
- по дану ― during the day
- (+ locative case) in miscellaneous senses in various phrasal constructs
- разум(иј)е се (само) по себи ― it goes without saying
- нека буде по твоме ― let it be your way
- једнак по величини ― equal in size
- све је по старом ― everything is/goes in the accustomed/usual manner
- по обичају ― as usual, according to custom
- по вр(иј)едности ― in value
- по свој прилици ― in all likelihood
- по роду ― by birth
- по нарави/природи ― in nature
- по тој ц(иј)ени ― at this price
- по параграфу 13 ― under section 13
- по што по то ― by all means
- по могућности ― if possible
- по реду ― in order, one after another
- по мом укусу ― (according) to my taste
- по квалитети ― by quality
- по томе ― according to this/that, accordingly, consequently, then
- по закону ― according to the law, by the law
- по дуљини ― lengthwise
Particle
по (Latin spelling po)
- (+ accusative case or nominative case) denoting distribution and succession; by, per, each, apiece
- Попили смо сви по чашицу ракије. ― We all drank a glass of rakija each.
- корак по корак ― step by step
- један по један ― one by one
- трипут по сату ― three times per hour
- Cви смо добили по јабуку. ― Each of us received an apple.
References
- “по” in Hrvatski jezični portal
- “по” in Hrvatski jezični portal
Shor
Etymology
From Proto-Turkic *bu(-n) (“this”). Compare Old Turkic 𐰉𐰆 (bu, “this”).
Pronoun
по • (po)
- this
See also
- кайдығ
- мендиг, мындығ
- андығ, эндиг
Tajik
Etymology
From Old Persian 𐎱𐎠𐎭 (pād(a)), from Proto-Iranian *pā́dah, from Proto-Indo-Iranian *pā́ts, from Proto-Indo-European *pṓds. Cognate with Sanskrit पद् (pád), Latin pes, German Fuß, English foot.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pɔː/
Noun
| Dari | پا |
|---|---|
| Iranian Persian | |
| Tajik | по (po) |
по • (po)
- leg, foot
Inflection
Inflection of по
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| bare | по po | поҳо poho | |
| definite object | поро poro | поҳоро pohoro | |
| izofa | пои poyi | поҳои pohoyi | |
| indefinite, definite relative | bare | poye | — |
| object | поеро poyero | — | |
Possessive forms of по
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| bare | 1st singular | поям poyam | поҳоям pohoyam |
| 2nd singular | поят poyat | поҳоят pohoyat | |
| 3rd singular | пояш poyaš | поҳояш pohoyaš | |
| 1st plural | поямон poyamon | поҳоямон pohoyamon | |
| 2nd plural | поятон poyaton | поҳоятон pohoyaton | |
| 3rd plural | пояшон poyašon | поҳояшон pohoyašon | |
| definite object | 1st singular | поямро poyamro | поҳоямро pohoyamro |
| 2nd singular | поятро poyatro | поҳоятро pohoyatro | |
| 3rd singular | пояшро poyašro | поҳояшро pohoyašro | |
| 1st plural | поямонро poyamonro | поҳоямонро pohoyamonro | |
| 2nd plural | поятонро poyatonro | поҳоятонро pohoyatonro | |
| 3rd plural | пояшонро poyašonro | поҳояшонро pohoyašonro | |
See also
- пой (poy)
Tundra Nenets
Etymology
From Proto-Samoyedic *poəj.
Noun
по • (po)
- year