-ом
Bulgarian
Etymology 1
Reflects the principal Proto-Slavic present passive ending *-omъ. Mostly unproductive in the colloquial speech, but reintroduced in the Standard language under the influence of Russian loanwords and the efforts of various "purist" movements (during the 18-20th century) for restoring grammatical features of Church Slavonic in Modern Bulgarian.
In rare occasions, the former participle may be fossilized as a noun, like in the case of Bulgarian владоми pl (vladomi, “subjects, subordinates”) (dated).
Suffix
-ом • (-om)
- (unproductive) Deverbial from athematic verbs, forms adjectives expressing capacity or proclevity.
- вям (vjam, “to be familiar with”) → ведом (vedom, “aware”)
- ям (jam, “to eat”) → ядом (jadom, “edible”) (obsolete)
- (unproductive) Deverbial from root-stem verbs, forms adjectives expressing capacity and intrinsic property.
- алча (alča, “to hunger for”) → лаком (lakom, “greedy”)
- Proto-Slavic *pisti (“to feed”) → *пита (*pita) → питом (pitom, “tamed, domesticated”)
- тека (teka, “to flow”) → теком (tekom, “flowable”) (obsolete)
- жежа (žeža, “to heat, to ignite”) → всежегом (vsežegom, “sacrificial”) (obsolete)
Derived terms
- -омя (-omja)
- -омен (-omen)
- -омост (-omost)
- -омство (-omstvo)
Related terms
- -аем (-aem)
- -ваем (-vaem), -уем (-uem)
- -им (-im)
- -яем (-jaem)
References
- L. Andrejchin (1983), “Сегашно страдателно причастие”, in Граматика на съвременния български книжовен език, volume 2, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 377
Etymology 2
From Proto-Slavic *-omь or Proto-Slavic *-ъmь, instrumental endings of o-stem and u-stem nouns. In the modern language, derivatives constructed with this suffix are interpreted as adverbs rather than an instrumental case of the base-noun. Sometimes, adverbs from former instrumental cases further get grammatisized into interjections, as in the case of Bulgarian сбогом (sbogom, “goodbye”) (originally meaning with God).
Suffix
-ом • (-om)
- Denominal, forms adverbs depicting manner or way from masculine o-stem nouns.
- ред (red, “order,”) → редом (redom, “along”)
- ход (hod, “walk”) → ходом (hodom, “by foot”)
- бяг (bjag, “run”) → бегом (begom, “by running”), набегом (nabegom, “energetically”)
- куп (kup, “bunch, pile”) → купом (kupom, “in block”), вкупом (vkupom, “together, as one”)
- род (rod, “kin”) → родом (rodom, “by origin, by birth”)
- кръг (krǎg, “circle”) → кръгом (krǎgom, “around, in the other direction”)
- Denominal, forms adverbs depicting manner or way from neuter o-stem nouns.
- средство (sredstvo, “mean, tool”) → посредством (posredstvom, “by means of”)
- писмо (pismo, “letter, writing”) → писмом (pismom, “in written form”)
- слово (slovo, “word, speech”) → словом (slovom, “in verbal form”)
- ребро (rebro, “rib”) → ребром (rebrom, “straightly”)
- Denominal, forms adverbs depicting manner or way from masculine u-stem nouns.
- чин (čin, “rank”) → чином (činom, “by rank”)
- мир (mir, “peace”) → миром (mirom, “in peace”)
- Alternative form of -ою (-oju), -ам (-am) (generalized from the o-stem formation)
- група (grupa, “group”) → групом (grupom, “in group”)
- сила (sila, “strength, force”) → силом (silom, “by force”)
- Deadjectival, forms adverbs depicting manner or way.
- цял (cjal, “whole, complete”) → цялом (cjalom, “overall”)
- скриш (skriš, “secretive”) → скришом (skrišom, “secretly”)
- прав (prav, “right, correct”) → правом (pravom, “rightly, correctly”)
- вървящ (vǎrvjašt, “walking”) → вървешком (vǎrveškom, “by walking”)
Derived terms
- -ешком (-eškom) (from present perfective participles, with dialectal decomposition of expected -щ- > -шк-)
Related terms
- -ем (-em) (from yo-stem and i-stem nouns)
- -ою (-oju), -ам (-am) (from a-stem nouns)
References
- R. Rusinov (1983), “Наречия от съществителни имена”, in Граматика на съвременния български книжовен език, volume 2, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, page 391