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单词 bark
释义

bark

See also: Bark

English

Pronunciation

  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA(key): /bɑːk/
  • (General American) IPA(key): /bɑɹk/
  • Audio (UK)(file)
  • Audio (US)(file)
  • Rhymes: -ɑː(ɹ)k
  • Homophone: barque

Etymology 1

From Middle English barken, berken, borken, from Old English beorcan (“to bark”), from the Proto-Germanic *berkaną (“to bark, rumble”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰerg- (“to make a noise, growl, bark”), from *bʰer- (“to drone, hum, buzz”). Cognate with Icelandic berkja (“to bark, bluster”), Icelandic barki (“throat, windpipe”), dialectal Lithuanian burgė́ti (“to growl, grumble, grouch, quarrel”), Serbo-Croatian brbljati (“to murmur”). For the noun, compare Old English beorc, bearce (“barking”).

Verb

bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked)

  1. (intransitive) To make a short, loud, explosive noise with the vocal organs (said of animals, especially dogs).
    Synonym: give tongue
    The neighbour's dog is always barking.
    The seal barked as the zookeeper threw fish into its enclosure.
  2. (intransitive) To make a clamor; to make importunate outcries.
    • 1530, Tyndale, A Pathway into the Holy Scripture:
      And therefore they bark, and say the scripture maketh heretics.
    • 1655, Thomas Fuller, James Nichols, editor, The Church History of Britain, […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), new edition, London: […] [James Nichols] for Thomas Tegg and Son, […], published 1837, OCLC 913056315:
      Where there is the barking of the belly, there no other commands will be heard, much less obeyed.
  3. (transitive) To speak sharply.
    The sergeant barked an order.
    • 1932, Delos W. Lovelace, King Kong, published 1965, page 3:
      Plainly he was prepared to bark out an interminable succession of charges against the Wanderer.
    • 2011 January 5, Mark Ashenden, “Wolverhampton 1 - 0 Chelsea”, in BBC‎:
      While McCarthy prowled the touchline barking orders, his opposite number watched on motionless and expressionless and, with 25 minutes to go, decided to throw on Nicolas Anelka for Kalou.
Synonyms
  • latrate (obsolete)
Derived terms
Terms derived from bark verb
  • bark at print
  • bark at the wrong tree
  • barking
  • barking deer
  • barking dogs never bite
  • barking spider
  • barking squirrel
  • bark up the wrong tree
  • bebark
  • buy a dog and bark oneself
  • dogs bark
  • don't keep a dog and bark yourself
  • have a dog and bark oneself
  • keep a dog and bark oneself
  • park and bark
  • the dogs bark, but the caravan moves on
  • why keep a dog and bark yourself
Translations
The translations below need to be checked and inserted above into the appropriate translation tables. See instructions at Wiktionary:Entry layout § Translations.
Translations to be checked

Noun

bark (plural barks)

  1. The short, loud, explosive sound uttered by a dog, a fox, and some other animals.
  2. (figuratively) An abrupt loud vocal utterance.
    • c. 1921,, The Cambridge History of English and American Literature, volume 11:
      Fox’s clumsy figure, negligently dressed in blue and buff, seemed unprepossessing; only his shaggy eyebrows added to the expression of his face; his voice would rise to a bark in excitement.
Derived terms
  • all bark and no bite
  • bark mitzvah
  • one's bark is worse than one's bite
Translations

Etymology 2

From Middle English bark, from Old English barc (“bark”), from Old Norse bǫrkr (“tree bark”), from Proto-Germanic *barkuz, probably related to *birkijǭ (“birch”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰergo- (compare Latin frāxinus (“ash”), Lithuanian béržas (“birch”)), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰereg- (“to gleam; white”) (compare English bright); akin to Danish bark, Icelandic börkur, Low German borke and Albanian berk (“bast”).

Noun

bark (countable and uncountable, plural barks)

  1. (countable, uncountable) The exterior covering of the trunk and branches of a tree.
    • 1879, Friedrich August Flückiger & al., Pharmacographia...‎, page 346:
      The hardships of bark-collecting in the primeval forests of South America are of the severest kind, and undergone only by the half-civilized Indians and people of mixed race, in the pay of speculators or companies located in the towns. Those who are engaged in the business, especially the collectors themselves, are called Cascarilleros or Cascadores, from the Spanish word Cascara, bark.
    • 2012, John Branch, “Snow Fall : The Avalanche at Tunnel Creek”, in New York Time‎:
      Moving about 70 miles per hour, it crashed through the sturdy old-growth trees, snapping their limbs and shredding bark from their trunks.
  2. (medicine) Peruvian bark or Jesuit's bark, the bark of the cinchona from which quinine is produced.
  3. Hard candy made in flat sheets, for instance out of chocolate, peanut butter, toffee or peppermint.
  4. The crust formed on barbecued meat that has had a rub applied to it.
    • 2009, Julie Reinhardt, She-Smoke: A Backyard Barbecue Book, page 151:
      This softens the meat further, but at some loss of crunch to the bark.
  5. The envelopment or outer covering of anything.
Usage notes

Usually uncountable; bark may be countable when referring to the barks of different types of tree.

Synonyms
  • (exterior covering of a tree): rind
Derived terms
  • bark bed
  • bark beetle (Scolytinae spp.)
  • bark bread
  • bark louse (Coccidae spp.)
  • bark mill
  • bark mixture
  • bark scorpion (Centruroides spp.)
  • bitter bark (esp. Alstonia constricta)
  • China bark (Cinchona spp.)
  • debark
  • dita bark (Alstonia scholaris)
  • holy bark (Rhamnus purshiana)
  • Mancona bark (Erythrophleum suaveolens)
  • maple bark disease, maple bark stripper's disease, maple bark stripper's disease (Cryptostroma corticale)
  • paperbark (Melaleuca spp.)
  • park and bark
  • ringbark, ring-bark
  • root bark
  • sassy bark (Erythrophleum suaveolens)
  • sooty bark disease (Cryptostroma corticale)
  • stringybark (Eucalyptus spp.)
  • throw in the bark
  • tree bark
  • Winter's bark (Drimys winteri)
  • yellow bark (Cinchona spp.)
Translations
in medicine — see Jesuit's bark

Verb

bark (third-person singular simple present barks, present participle barking, simple past and past participle barked)

  1. To strip the bark from; to peel.
    • 1922, A. M. Chisholm, A Thousand a Plate:
      Along the river freshly felled and barked trees told of the activity of beaver, and in slow current and in eddies the tops of their winter's food supply lay like submerged brush fences projecting above the surface.
  2. To abrade or rub off any outer covering from.
    to bark one’s heel
    • 2019 May 8, Barney Ronay, “Liverpool’s waves of red fury and recklessness end in joyous bedlam”, in The Guardian‎:
      Barcelona had been harried and hurried and stretched thin by the midway point in the second half. Tackles flew in. Toes were crushed, shins barked, ankles hacked.
  3. To girdle.
  4. To cover or inclose with bark, or as with bark.
    bark the roof of a hut
Derived terms
  • barking iron
  • ringbark
Translations
to girdle — see girdle

Etymology 3

From Middle English barke (“boat”), from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, from Vulgar Latin barica, from Ancient Greek βάρις (báris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Demotic br, from Egyptian bꜣjr (“transport ship, type of fish”),


Doublet of barge, barque and baris.

Alternative forms

  • barque

Noun

bark (plural barks)

  1. (obsolete) A small sailing vessel, e.g. a pinnace or a fishing smack; a rowing boat or barge.
  2. (poetic) A sailing vessel or boat of any kind.
    • circa 1609, William Shakespeare, Sonnet 116:
      It is the star to every wandering bark
    • 1817 December​, Percy Bysshe Shelley, “The Revolt of Islam. […]”, in [Mary] Shelley, editor, The Poetical Works of Percy Bysshe Shelley. […], volume I, London: Edward Moxon […], published 1839, OCLC 1000449192, page 272:
      We know not where we go, or what sweet dream
      May pilot us through caverns strange and fair
      Of far and pathless passion, while the stream
      Of life our bark doth on its whirlpools bear,
      Spreading swift wings as sails to the dim air; […]
    • a. 1887 (date written)​, Emily Dickinson, “[Book I.—Life] Whether my bark went down at sea”, in Mabel Loomis Todd and T[homas] W[entworth] Higginson, editors, Poems, First Series, Boston, Mass.: Roberts Brothers, published 1890, OCLC 1001812663, page 38:
      Whether my bark went down at sea, / Whether she met with gales, […]
  3. (nautical) A vessel, typically with three (or more) masts, with the foremasts (or fore- and mainmasts) square-rigged, and mizzenmast schooner-rigged.
Translations

Anagrams

  • brak, kbar, krab

Albanian

Etymology

From Proto-Albanian *báruka, from Proto-Indo-European *bʰor-uko-, from *bʰer- (“to carry”). Compare Illyrian *βαρυκα. A doublet of bie, barrë, and barrë.

Noun

bark m (indefinite plural barqe, definite singular barku, definite plural barqet)

  1. (anatomy) belly

Declension

Declension of bark
indefinite forms
(trajta të pashquara)		definite forms
(trajta të shquara)
singular
(numri njëjës)		plural
(numri shumës)		singular
(numri njëjës)		plural
(numri shumës)
nominative
(emërore)		(një) bark(disa) barqebarkubarqet
accusative
(kallëzore)		(një) bark(disa) barqebarkunbarqet
genitive
(gjinore)
(i/e/të/së)		(një) barku(disa) barqevebarkutbarqevet
dative
(dhanore)		(një) barku(disa) barqevebarkutbarqevet
ablative
(rrjedhore)
(prej)		(një) barku(disa) barqeshbarkutbarqevet

Derived terms

  • zbërkoj
  • lëbarke

Danish

Etymology 1

From Old Norse bǫrkr.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bark/, [b̥ɑːɡ̊]

Noun

bark c (singular definite barken, not used in plural form)

  1. bark (covering of the trunk of a tree)
Derived terms
  • afbarke
  • afbarkning
  • barkborer
  • barkbrun
  • barkbrød
  • barkfarve
  • barkslag
  • barkstykke

Etymology 2

From Old Norse barki

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bark/, [b̥ɑːɡ̊]

Noun

bark c (singular definite barken, plural indefinite barker)

  1. bark (large sailing boat)
Inflection
Declension of bark
common
gender		SingularPlural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativebarkbarkenbarkerbarkerne
genitivebarksbarkensbarkersbarkernes

References

  • “bark” in Den Danske Ordbog
  • “bark,2” in Den Danske Ordbog

Dutch

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bɑrk/
  • audio(file)
  • Hyphenation: bark
  • Rhymes: -ɑrk

Etymology 1

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Noun

bark m (plural barken, diminutive barkje n)

  1. the bark of certain trees, used for its tannin

Etymology 2

From Middle Dutch barke, from Old French barque.

Noun

bark f (plural barken, diminutive barkje n)

  1. barge, a large type of rowing or sailing boat
Descendants
  • → Sranan Tongo: barki

Anagrams

  • brak, krab

Faroese

Etymology

From Danish bark, from Middle French barque, from Late Latin barca, from Vulgar Latin barica, from Ancient Greek βάρις (báris, “Egyptian boat”), from Coptic ⲃⲁⲁⲣⲉ (baare, “small boat”), from Egyptian bꜣjr (“transport ship, type of fish”),


Noun

bark f (genitive singular barkar, plural barkir)

  1. (nautical) bark: A three-masted vessel, having her foremast and mainmast square-rigged, and her mizzenmast schooner-rigged.

Declension

Declension of bark
f2singularplural
indefinitedefiniteindefinitedefinite
nominativebarkbarkinbarkirbarkirnar
accusativebarkbarkinabarkirbarkirnar
dativebarkbarkinibarkumbarkunum
genitivebarkarbarkarinnarbarkabarkanna

Synonyms

  • barkskip

Middle English

Alternative forms

  • barke

Etymology

From Old English bark, from Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bark/

Noun

bark (plural barkes)

  1. bark (a tree's covering, often used in leatherworking or as a pharmaceutical).
  2. The exterior layer of a nut or other fruit.
  3. (rare, Late Middle English, figurative) A shallow look at something.

Derived terms

  • barker
  • barkyn

Descendants

  • English: bark
  • Scots: bark

References

  • “bark, n.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 2018-08-12.

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology 1

From Old Norse bǫrkr.

Noun

bark m (definite singular barken, uncountable)

  1. bark (outer layer of trunks and branches of trees and bushes)
Derived terms
  • hjernebark

See also

  • bork (Nynorsk)

Etymology 2

From Late Latin barca, via French barque.

Noun

bark m (definite singular barken, indefinite plural barker, definite plural barkene)

  1. (nautical) a barque or bark (type of sailing ship)

References

  • “bark” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Etymology

From Late Latin barca, via French barque.

Noun

bark m (definite singular barken, indefinite plural barkar, definite plural barkane)

  1. (nautical) a barque or bark (type of sailing ship)

References

  • “bark” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Polish

Bark (1.2) bastionu
bark (2.1)

Pronunciation

  • IPA(key): /bark/
  • Audio(file)
  • Rhymes: -ark
  • Syllabification: bark

Etymology 1

Inherited from Old Polish bark, from Proto-Slavic *bъrkъ.

Noun

bark m inan

  1. shoulder (the part of the body between the base of the neck and forearm socket)
    Synonym: ramię
  2. (architecture, historical) the side extension of a fort or fortification
Declension
Declension of bark
singularplural
nominativebarkbarki
genitivebarkubarków
dativebarkowibarkom
accusativebarkbarki
instrumentalbarkiembarkami
locativebarkubarkach
vocativebarkubarki
Derived terms
adjectives
  • barczysty
  • barkowy
adverbs
  • barczysto
  • barczyście
nouns
  • barczystość
  • bary
verbs
  • brać na barki impf, wziąć na barki pf
  • dźwigać na barkach impf
  • obarczać impf, obarczyć pf
  • składać na barki impf, złożyć na barki pf
  • spadać na barki impf, spaść na barki pf
  • spoczywać na barkach, impf spocząć na barkach pf
  • zdejmować z barków impf, zdjąć z barków pf
  • zrzucać na barki impf, zrzucić na barki pf

Etymology 2

Borrowed from English barque, from Latin barca. Doublet of barka.

Noun

bark m inan

  1. (nautical) barque (sailing vessel)
Declension
Declension of bark
singularplural
nominativebarkbarki
genitivebarkubarków
dativebarkowibarkom
accusativebarkbarki
instrumentalbarkiembarkami
locativebarkubarkach
vocativebarkubarki
Derived terms
adjective
  • barkowy

Further reading

  • bark in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
  • bark in Polish dictionaries at PWN
  • Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego/bark on the Polish Wikisource.Wikisource pl

Swedish

Etymology

From Old Norse bǫrkr, from Proto-Germanic *barkuz.

Noun

bark c (uncountable)

  1. bark (covering of the trunk of a tree)
    Hyponym: barka
  2. barque (type of ship)
    Synonym: barkskepp

Declension

Declension of bark 
SingularPlural
IndefiniteDefiniteIndefiniteDefinite
Nominativebarkbarkenbarkarbarkarna
Genitivebarksbarkensbarkarsbarkarnas

Turkish

Etymology

From Proto-Turkic *b(i)ark (“home”).

Noun

bark (definite accusative barkı, plural barklar)

  1. (idiomatic) home

Declension

Inflection
Nominativebark
Definite accusativebarkı
SingularPlural
Nominativebarkbarklar
Definite accusativebarkıbarkları
Dativebarkabarklara
Locativebarktabarklarda
Ablativebarktanbarklardan
Genitivebarkınbarkların
Possessive forms
Nominative
SingularPlural
1st singularbarkımbarklarım
2nd singularbarkınbarkların
3rd singularbarkıbarkları
1st pluralbarkımızbarklarımız
2nd pluralbarkınızbarklarınız
3rd pluralbarklarıbarkları
Definite accusative
SingularPlural
1st singularbarkımıbarklarımı
2nd singularbarkınıbarklarını
3rd singularbarkınıbarklarını
1st pluralbarkımızıbarklarımızı
2nd pluralbarkınızıbarklarınızı
3rd pluralbarklarınıbarklarını
Dative
SingularPlural
1st singularbarkımabarklarıma
2nd singularbarkınabarklarına
3rd singularbarkınabarklarına
1st pluralbarkımızabarklarımıza
2nd pluralbarkınızabarklarınıza
3rd pluralbarklarınabarklarına
Locative
SingularPlural
1st singularbarkımdabarklarımda
2nd singularbarkındabarklarında
3rd singularbarkındabarklarında
1st pluralbarkımızdabarklarımızda
2nd pluralbarkınızdabarklarınızda
3rd pluralbarklarındabarklarında
Ablative
SingularPlural
1st singularbarkımdanbarklarımdan
2nd singularbarkındanbarklarından
3rd singularbarkındanbarklarından
1st pluralbarkımızdanbarklarımızdan
2nd pluralbarkınızdanbarklarınızdan
3rd pluralbarklarındanbarklarından
Genitive
SingularPlural
1st singularbarkımınbarklarımın
2nd singularbarkınınbarklarının
3rd singularbarkınınbarklarının
1st pluralbarkımızınbarklarımızın
2nd pluralbarkınızınbarklarınızın
3rd pluralbarklarınınbarklarının

Synonyms

  • ev
  • hane

Derived terms

  • barklı
  • barksız

See also

  • evsiz barksız
  • evli barklı

Further reading

  • Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–), “bark”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
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